Mental and Physical Health
AP Psychology Topic 5 9:17 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
One person collects bus tickets and can name every route in the city.
有个人收集公交车票，能说出城里每一条线路。
Another cannot leave the house to go to work.
另一个人无法出门去上班。
Only one of those is a disorder, and it is not the unusual one.
这两者中只有一个是心理障碍，而且不是那个"奇怪"的。
The line is not strangeness.
分界线不在于是否奇怪。
This unit is about where the line actually is, and what to do once it is crossed.
这一单元讲的就是这条线到底在哪里，以及越过之后该怎么办。
Start with stress, because the definition catches people out.
先从压力说起，因为它的定义常常让人栽跟头。
The event is not the stress.
事件本身不是压力。
Stress is the body's response to a demand the person has judged as taxing, and that judgment is called appraisal.
压力是身体对某个"被判断为超出自身资源"的要求所作出的反应， 而这个判断叫做评估。
The same exam is a threat to one student and a challenge to another.
同一场考试，对一个学生是威胁，对另一个学生是挑战。
Coping then splits two ways.
应对方式分成两种。
Problem-focused coping acts on the situation, and it suits a problem you can control.
问题取向应对作用于情境，适合你能控制的问题。
Emotion-focused coping acts on your own reaction, and it suits one you cannot.
情绪取向应对作用于你自己的反应，适合你控制不了的问题。
Neither is better in general — a delayed flight leaves you only the second.
一般来说没有哪一种更好——航班延误时，你只剩下第二种。
Health psychology studies how psychological factors affect physical health.
健康心理学研究心理因素如何影响身体健康。
Stress raises susceptibility to illness and is linked to poorer immune functioning and to heart disease. The general adaptation syndrome, G A S, describes the body's response in three stages.
一般适应综合征，缩写G A S，用三个阶段描述身体的反应。
Alarm: the sympathetic system mobilises.
警觉期：交感系统动员起来。
Resistance: the body copes at a high but sustainable level.
抵抗期：身体在高但可维持的水平上应对。
Exhaustion: resources run down and vulnerability to illness rises.
衰竭期：资源耗尽，对疾病的易感性上升。
Eustress is motivating.
良性压力能推动人。
Distress is debilitating.
消极压力会拖垮人。
Tend-and-befriend theory says some people respond by caring for others and seeking social support.
照料-结盟理论说，有些人会通过照顾他人、寻求社会支持来应对。
Stressors range from daily hassles to significant life changes and catastrophes.
压力源从日常烦扰，到重大生活变化，再到灾难性事件。
Positive psychology studies what makes life go well rather than what goes wrong.
积极心理学研究什么让生活变好，而不只是什么出了错。
Expressing gratitude raises subjective well-being.
表达感恩会提高主观幸福感。
People who use their signature strengths report higher objective well-being.
使用自己标志性优势的人，客观幸福感也更高。
Posttraumatic growth is positive psychological change that can follow a struggle with trauma.
创伤后成长是在与创伤搏斗之后可能出现的积极心理变化。
The field looks for the factors behind well-being and resilience.
这个领域寻找幸福感和心理韧性背后的因素。
A pattern is treated as a disorder using three considerations, and the exam wants all three.
判断一种模式是否是心理障碍，要用三个考量，而考试要的是三个都写。
Dysfunction means it interferes with everyday life.
功能失调意味着它妨碍了日常生活。
Personal distress means it hurts the person.
个人痛苦意味着它让当事人难受。
And deviation from social norms means it departs sharply from what the culture expects.
偏离社会规范意味着它明显不同于文化的期待。
Use them together, because any one alone gives the wrong answer: a bus-ticket collector deviates and is neither distressed nor impaired, and a grieving person is distressed without being disordered.
要三个一起用，因为任何一个单独使用都会给出错误答案： 一个收集公交车票的人偏离了常态，却既不痛苦也没有功能受损； 一个正在哀伤的人很痛苦，却不是心理障碍。
One model explains why two people meet the same hardship and only one becomes ill.
有一个模型解释了：为什么两个人遇到同样的困难，只有一个人生病。
It is the diathesis-stress model, and it has two halves.
这就是素质-压力模型，它有两半。
The first is a vulnerability the person already carries.
第一半是当事人本来就带着的易感性。
The second is a stressor from the environment.
第二半是来自环境的压力源。
Neither half alone produces the disorder — that is the entire point of the model, so an answer that names only one has missed it.
任何一半单独都不会造成障碍—— 这正是整个模型的要点，所以只写出一半的答案就没抓住重点。
Explaining and classifying disorders starts with a view about cause.
解释和分类障碍，先要有一个关于原因的看法。
Most psychologists take an eclectic approach, drawing on more than one perspective: behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, sociocultural, and biological.
多数心理学家采取折衷取向，会用到不止一种视角： 行为、精神动力学、人本、认知、进化、社会文化和生物学。
Two integrating models are examinable.
有两个整合模型是考试会考的。
The biopsychosocial model assumes any problem may combine biological, psychological, and social causes. A diagnosis guides treatment and gives access to support, but a label can also carry stigma.
生物心理社会模型假设任何问题都可能同时有生物、心理和社会原因。
Diagnosis requires specialised training and evidence-based criteria.
诊断能指导治疗，但标签也可能带来污名。
Two pairs of words cost marks every year.
有两组词每年都在丢分。
Positive symptoms are things added that should not be there, such as hallucinations.
阳性症状是"多出来"的、本不该有的东西，比如幻觉。
Negative symptoms are things missing that should be there, such as flat emotion.
阴性症状是"缺失"的、本该有的东西，比如情感淡漠。
Positive and negative here mean added and removed, never good and bad.
这里的"阳性""阴性"指的是多和少，从来不是好和坏。
The other pair: obsessions are thoughts and compulsions are actions.
另一组：强迫思维是"想法"，强迫行为是"动作"。
A person cannot stop the thought, and performs the action to relieve it.
当事人停不下那个想法，于是做出动作来缓解它。
Categories of disorders on this course are a limited set.
这门课上的障碍类别是一个有限集合。
Neurodevelopmental disorders begin during the developmental period; causes may be environmental, physiological, or genetic. A limited set of categories, each with its own features and possible causes: neurodevelopmental, schizophrenic spectrum, depressive, bipolar, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, dissociative, trauma and stressor-related — where posttraumatic stress disorder, P T S D, is the main example — feeding and eating, and personality disorders.
有限的一组类别，每一类都有自己的特征和可能原因： 神经发育、精神分裂症谱系、抑郁、双相、焦虑、强迫及相关、 分离、创伤及应激相关（其中创伤后应激障碍，缩写P T S D，是主要例子）、 进食，以及人格障碍。
For every category the exam expects the same shape: defining features, then possible causes.
每一类考试要的形状都一样：先写界定特征，再写可能原因。
On the schizophrenic spectrum, name the added things.
在精神分裂症谱系上，要把多出来的东西说出来。
Positive symptoms include delusions, false beliefs, hallucinations, false perceptions, disorganized thinking, and catatonia.
阳性症状包括妄想，也就是错误信念；幻觉，也就是错误知觉； 思维紊乱；以及紧张症。
Negative symptoms include flat affect, typical emotion that is absent.
阴性症状包括情感淡漠，也就是本该有的情绪没有了。
Depressive disorders involve sad, empty, or irritable mood.
抑郁障碍涉及悲伤、空虚或易怒的心情。
Bipolar disorders involve periods of mania alternating with periods of depression.
双相障碍是躁狂期与抑郁期交替出现。
Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear or anxiety: specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, G A D.
焦虑障碍涉及过度的害怕或焦虑：特定恐惧症、广场恐惧症、惊恐障碍、 社交焦虑障碍，以及广泛性焦虑障碍，缩写G A D。
Panic attacks are the sudden episodes inside panic disorder.
惊恐发作是惊恐障碍里那些突然出现的发作。
Obsessive-compulsive disorders again: obsessions are thoughts, and compulsions are actions.
强迫及相关障碍再说一次：强迫思维是想法，强迫行为是动作。
Personality disorders are enduring patterns in three clusters.
人格障碍是持久的模式，分成三簇。
Cluster A is odd or eccentric, Cluster B dramatic or erratic, Cluster C anxious or fearful.
A 簇古怪或偏执，B 簇戏剧化或不稳定，C 簇焦虑或恐惧。
Every therapy follows from a view about where the problem is.
每一种治疗都源自对"问题在哪里"的一种看法。
Free association is psychodynamic: it assumes the cause is out of awareness.
自由联想属于精神动力学：它假设原因在觉察之外。
Cognitive restructuring is cognitive: it assumes the cause is in the thinking.
认知重构属于认知取向：它假设原因在思维方式里。
Systematic desensitization is behavioral: it assumes the fear was learned and can be unlearned, and it works up fear hierarchies from the mildest step to the worst.
系统脱敏属于行为取向：它假设恐惧是习得的，也可以被解除， 并且沿着恐惧等级从最轻的一级推进到最难的一级。
Token economies are behavioral too: earn a token for the wanted behaviour, trade it for something you want.
代币制也属于行为取向：做出想要的行为就得到代币，再拿代币去换想要的东西。
And biomedical treatment works on the body, usually with medication — but the course also names electroconvulsive therapy, E C T, transcranial magnetic stimulation, T M S, and psychosurgery, which is a last resort.
而生物医学治疗作用于身体，通常使用药物—— 但课程还点名了电休克治疗（缩写E C T）、经颅磁刺激（缩写T M S） 和精神外科手术，后者是最后的手段。
If a question names a technique, name the perspective it comes from — that is the mark.
如果题目给出一种技术，就写出它所属的取向——分就在这里。
Clinicians must follow ethical principles, including informed consent, confidentiality, and working within their competence.
临床工作者必须遵守伦理原则，包括知情同意、保密，以及只在自己的能力范围内工作。
Meta-analyses of psychotherapy conclude that therapy is effective, and psychotropic medication reduced long hospital stays.
以人为中心疗法使用积极倾听和无条件积极关注。 认知行为疗法包括辩证行为疗法和理性情绪行为疗法。
Person-centered therapy uses active listening and unconditional positive regard.
药物包括抗抑郁药、抗焦虑药、锂盐和抗精神病药。
Cognitive-behavioral therapies include dialectical behavior therapy and rational-emotive behavior therapy. Medications include antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotics. More invasive options include transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy.
侵入性更强的选项包括经颅磁刺激和电休克治疗。
Hypnosis is effective for pain and anxiety, but research does not support its use to recover memories.
催眠对疼痛和焦虑有效，但研究不支持用它来恢复记忆。
The 2025 Article Analysis Question asked students to identify at least one ethical guideline applied by the researchers.
二零二五年的文章分析题要求学生指出研究者至少应用了一条伦理准则。
This is an Identify part, so it wants a named guideline pointed at the study, not an essay.
这是 Identify 部分，所以只要一个对准研究的名称，不要写成文章。
Identify wants a name.
Identify 要的是一个名称。
A full-mark sentence is: the researchers obtained informed consent from participants before the study began.
满分的句子是：研究者在研究开始前获得了参与者的知情同意。
Adding explanation earns nothing extra here.
在这里再加解释不会多得分。
Save the writing for the Explain parts, where a claim must be supported with evidence.
把篇幅留给 Explain 部分，那里必须用证据支持一个主张。
Six things to take with you.
带走六点。
One: stress is the response to an appraised demand, not the event.
第一：压力是对"被评估过的要求"的反应，不是事件本身。
Two: the general adaptation syndrome is alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
第二：一般适应综合征是警觉、抵抗、衰竭。
Three: use dysfunction, distress and deviation together.
第三：功能失调、痛苦、偏离，三个一起用。
Four: diathesis-stress needs both halves.
第四：素质-压力模型两半都要写。
Five: positive means added, negative means missing.
第五：阳性是多出来，阴性是缺失。
Six: match the technique to the perspective it comes from.
第六：把技术与它所属的取向对上。
And read the task verb: identify wants a name, describe wants detail, explain wants a reason with evidence.
还要看清题目的动词： Identify 要一个名称，Describe 要细节，Explain 要有证据的理由。
Now try the practice questions below.
现在去做下面的练习题。