Treatment
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Meta-analytic/ˈmetə ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/ | Meta-analytic |
| psychotropic medication/ˌsaɪkəʊˈtrɒpɪk ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/ | The use of medicines that affect mental processes to treat psychological or psychiatric conditions. |
| deinstitutionalise/ˌdeɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlaɪz/ | deinstitutionalise |
| ethical principles/ˈeθɪkl ˈprɪnsɪplz/ | ethical principles |
| free association/friː əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃn/ | A psychoanalytic technique in which a person says whatever comes to mind with minimal deliberate filtering. |
| dream interpretation/driːm ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ | dream interpretation |
| cognitive restructuring/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv rɪˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/ | A therapeutic process of examining and revising unhelpful interpretations or beliefs using evidence and alternative perspectives. |
| fear hierarchies/fɪə ˈhaɪərɑːkiz/ | Ordered lists of feared situations, arranged from less to more anxiety-provoking. |
| Person-centred therapy/ˈpɜːsn ˈsentəd ˈθerəpi/ | Person-centred therapy |
| active listening/ˈæktɪv ˈlɪsənɪŋ/ | Attending carefully to a speaker and checking understanding through responses such as paraphrasing and clarification. |
| Hypnosis/hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/ | A procedure involving focused attention and suggestions intended to influence experience, perception or behaviour. |
| Applied behaviour analysis/əˈplaɪd bɪˈheɪvjə əˈnæləsɪs/ | Applied behaviour analysis |
| Cognitive-behavioural therapies/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˈθerəpiz/ | Cognitive-behavioural therapies |
| antidepressants/ˌæntɪdɪˈpresənts/ | Medicines used to treat depression and, in some cases, other conditions such as anxiety disorders. |
| antianxiety drugs/ˌæntɪæŋˈzaɪəti drʌɡz/ | Medicines used to reduce anxiety symptoms; different classes act through different mechanisms. |
| lithium/ˈlɪθɪəm/ | Lithium-containing medication used as a mood stabiliser, especially in bipolar disorder. |
| antipsychotics/ˌæntɪsaɪˈkɒtɪks/ | Medicines used to reduce psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations, with some also used for other conditions. |
| psychosurgery/ˈsaɪkəʊsɜːdʒəri/ | Surgery that alters brain tissue or connections with the aim of treating severe psychiatric symptoms. |
| TMS/ˌtiː em ˈes/ | TMS |
| ECT/ˌiː siː ˈtiː/ | ECT |
Does therapy work?
- The question can be answered, and it has been — by combining many studies at once.
- Meta-analytic 元分析 studies conclude that psychotherapies are generally effective.
- That conclusion is the starting point for everything else in this topic.
Meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy conclude that it is...
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Combining many studies is what makes the general conclusion possible.
Deinstitutionalisation and ethics
- The increased use and effectiveness of psychotropic medication 精神药物治疗 led hospitals to deinstitutionalise 去机构化.
- Psychologists in clinical settings must follow established ethical principles 伦理原则.
- Effectiveness and ethics are separate requirements — a treatment must satisfy both.
Approaches emphasise different mechanisms; treatment choice also needs evidence and individual assessment
Talking therapies
- Psychodynamic therapies use free association 自由联想 and dream interpretation 释梦 to reach the unconscious.
- Cognitive therapies use cognitive restructuring 认知重构 and fear hierarchies 恐惧等级表 against maladaptive thinking.
- Person-centred therapy 以人为中心的治疗, from the humanistic perspective, uses active listening 积极倾听 and unconditional positive regard.
Which therapy uses this technique?
Match each technique to the therapy it belongs to.
The psychodynamic technique of saying whatever comes to mind is called free ____.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Free association and dream interpretation are the two psychodynamic techniques named.
The CED states explicitly that research does not support hypnosis for memory retrieval, even though it is effective for pain and anxiety. A therapy can be effective for one purpose and unsupported for another, and the exam tests exactly that distinction.
Match each therapy to its characteristic technique.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Each therapy follows from where its perspective locates the problem.
Behavioural and combined therapies
- Applied behaviour analysis 应用行为分析 applies conditioning principles to address disorders.
- Cognitive-behavioural therapies 认知行为治疗 combine both, and include dialectical behaviour therapy and rational-emotive behaviour therapy.
- Group therapy differs from individual therapy in that members also respond to each other, not only to the therapist.
Research supports the use of hypnosis to retrieve accurate memories.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
It is effective for pain and anxiety; the CED says research does not support memory retrieval.
Select all the biological interventions the CED names.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Active listening is a person-centred technique, not a biological intervention.
Biological interventions
- Psychoactive medications include antidepressants 抗抑郁药, antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药, lithium 锂盐 and antipsychotics 抗精神病药.
- Surgical or invasive interventions include psychosurgery 精神外科手术, TMS 经颅磁刺激 and ECT 电休克治疗.
- Hypnosis 催眠 is effective for pain and anxiety — but research does not support it for memory retrieval.
A person with a specific phobia is guided up a fear hierarchy, from a photograph to the real object, while practising relaxation. Nothing is discussed about the unconscious — the treatment follows directly from the cognitive-behavioural account of where the problem lies.
Meta-analytic studies find psychotherapy generally effective. Psychodynamic therapy uses free association, cognitive therapy uses restructuring and fear hierarchies, person-centred therapy uses active listening, and CBT combines approaches. Biological interventions include medications, TMS and ECT, and hypnosis helps pain but not memory.
Write from one failed test
- The thought I fail at everything is changed to I failed this one test.
- Name the method. Say what a meta-analysis does and does not promise.
A therapist helps change I fail at everything into I failed this one test. What method is that, and what does a meta-analysis of psychotherapy claim?
The thought becomes more specific and accurate. That is a cognitive change, not an exploration of the unconscious.
What is the change from I fail at everything to I failed this one test?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
The belief is reworked into a more accurate specific thought. That is restructuring.