Theorists, schools and their claims
Introduced| English |
|---|
| structuralism/ˈstrʌktʃərəlɪzəm/ |
| cognitive revolution/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ |
A decision before an answer
- The first psychology laboratories appeared in the 1870s, but the founders disagreed immediately about what should be studied.
- Your goal: Match founders and schools to their methods and claims.
Found the laboratories
- Psychology's laboratories began in the 1870s: Wilhelm Wundt at Leipzig (1879) and William James's Harvard laboratory work. Wundt's student Titchener carried structuralism, analysing experience into elements by introspection; James's functionalism instead asked what mental processes are for, shaped by evolution.
- Gestalt psychologists (Wertheimer, Köhler, Koffka) rejected element analysis, arguing that organised wholes precede parts in perception.
Psychology's founding laboratories of the 1870s are credited to:
Wundt (Leipzig, 1879) and James (Harvard) founded the 1870s laboratory tradition.
Read the clinical and behavioural programmes
- Freud's psychoanalysis centred on unconscious conflict and early experience, with defence mechanisms and psychosexual stages; its claims are debated as science but shaped clinical practice.
- Watson's 1913 behaviourism rejected introspection for observable behaviour, and Skinner's radical behaviourism explained action by operant consequences. Horney analysed coping as moving toward, away from or against people.
Analysing coping as moving toward, away from or against people is associated with:
The three movement patterns are Horney's; Beck is cognitive therapy, Rogers person-centred.
Follow the humanistic and cognitive turns
- The humanistic third force (Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Rogers's person-centred approach) stressed growth and self-actualisation against both psychoanalysis and behaviourism.
- The cognitive revolution of the 1950s restored mind as a lawful object: Miller's working-memory limits, Neisser's cognitive synthesis, and Chomsky's 1959 review arguing that Skinner's verbal-behaviour account cannot explain language acquisition.
Wundt's Leipzig laboratory and James's Harvard work mark the 1870s founding; Titchener turned introspection into structuralism while James asked functional questions. Chomsky's review of Verbal Behavior is a landmark of the cognitive turn against Skinner. A therapist targeting distorted automatic thoughts works in Beck's cognitive tradition.
Chomsky's 1959 review criticised Skinner's account of ____ behavior.
The review of Verbal Behavior argued that conditioning cannot explain language acquisition.
Place the later theorists
- Later traditions built on these: Bandura's social learning (the Bobo doll studies) added observation and modelling to conditioning; Beck's cognitive therapy treats distorted thinking in depression.
- Eysenck described personality on broad dimensions such as extraversion and neuroticism. Match each name to a claim and method, not merely to a famous phrase.
Crediting one founder with founding alone, or treating psychoanalytic claims and tested cognitive findings as the same kind of evidence.
Which answer fits this case?
Match founders and schools to their methods and claims
Skinner's radical behaviourism explains behaviour primarily by unconscious conflict.
Skinner explained action by operant consequences; unconscious conflict is the psychoanalytic programme.
Keep the distinctions
- structuralism 结构主义 — Titchener's school analysing experience into basic elements by introspection.
- cognitive revolution 认知革命 — The 1950s restoration of mental processes as lawful objects of study, displacing strict behaviourism.
- Match founders and schools to their methods and claims.
- Distinguish behavioural, humanistic and cognitive programmes.
- Locate major theorists within their traditions.
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.