Poetry II · ⁨詩歌 II⁩

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.C: Explain the function of structure in a text.

• STR-1.U Closed forms of poetry include predictable patterns in the structure of lines, stanzas, meter, and rhyme, which develop relationships among ideas in the poem. Note: The AP Exam will not require students to label or identify specific rhyme schemes, metrical patterns, or forms of poetry.
• STR-1.V Open forms of poetry may not follow expected or predictable patterns in the structure of their lines or stanzas, but they may still have structures that develop relationships between ideas in the poem.
• STR-1.W Structures combine in texts to emphasize certain ideas and concepts.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 5.A: Distinguish between the literal and figurative meanings of words and phrases.

• FIG-1.L Words with multiple meanings or connotations add nuance or complexity that can contribute to interpretations of a text.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 5.B: Explain the function of specific words and phrases in a text.

• FIG-1.M Descriptive words, such as adjectives and adverbs, qualify or modify the things they describe and affect readers’ interaction with the text.
• FIG-1.N Hyperbole exaggerates while understatement minimizes. Exaggerating or minimizing an aspect of an object focuses attention on that trait and conveys a perspective about the object.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 5.D: Identify and explain the function of an image or imagery.

• FIG-1.O Descriptive words, such as adjectives and adverbs, contribute to sensory imagery.
• FIG-1.P An image can be literal or it can be a form of a comparison that represents something in a text through associations with the senses.
• FIG-1.Q A collection of images, known as imagery, may emphasize ideas in parts of or throughout a text.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 6.B: Identify and explain the function of a metaphor.

• FIG-1.R Metaphorical comparisons do not focus solely on the objects being compared; they focus on the particular traits, qualities, or characteristics of the things being compared.
• FIG-1.S Comparisons not only communicate literal meaning but may also convey figurative meaning or transmit a perspective.
• FIG-1.T An extended metaphor is created when the comparison of a main subject and comparison subject persists through parts of or an entire text, and when the comparison is expanded through additional details, similes, and images.
• FIG-1.U Interpretation of an extended metaphor may depend on the context of its use; that is, what is happening in a text may determine what is transferred in the comparison.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 6.C: Identify and explain the function of personification.

• FIG-1.V Personification is a type of comparison that assigns a human trait or quality to a nonhuman object, entity, or idea, thus characterizing that object, entity, or idea.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 6.D: Identify and explain the function of an allusion.

• FIG-1.W Allusions in a text can reference literary works including myths and sacred texts; other works of art including paintings and music; or people, places, or events outside the text.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.B: Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.

• LAN-1.D A thesis statement expresses an interpretation of a literary text, and requires a defense, through use of textual evidence and a line of reasoning, both of which are explained in an essay through commentary.
• LAN-1.E A thesis statement may preview the development or line of reasoning of an interpretation. This is not to say that a thesis statement must list the points of an interpretation, literary elements to be analyzed, or specific evidence to be used in the argument.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.C: Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.

• LAN-1.F A line of reasoning is the logical sequence of claims that work together to defend the overarching thesis statement.
• LAN-1.G A line of reasoning is communicated through commentary that explains the logical relationship between the overarching thesis statement and the claims/evidence within the body of an essay.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.D: Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support a line of reasoning.

• LAN-1.H Writers use evidence strategically and purposefully to illustrate, clarify, exemplify, associate, amplify, or qualify a point.
• LAN-1.I Evidence is effective when the writer of the essay uses commentary to explain a logical relationship between the evidence and the claim.
• LAN-1.J Evidence is sufficient when its quantity and quality provide apt support for the line of reasoning.
• LAN-1.K Developing and supporting an interpretation of a text is a recursive process; an interpretation can emerge from analyzing evidence and then forming a line of reasoning, or the interpretation can emerge from forming a line of reasoning and then identifying relevant evidence to support that line of reasoning.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.E: Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

• LAN-1.Q Transitional elements are words or other elements (phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs) that assist in creating coherence between sentences and paragraphs by showing relationships between ideas.