Poetry I · ⁨詩歌 I⁩

Enduring Understanding (CHR-1): Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

Learning Objective 1.A: Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.

• CHR-1.E Characters reveal their perspectives and biases through the words they use, the details they provide in the text, the organization of their thinking, the decisions they make, and the actions they take.

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.C: Explain the function of structure in a text.

• STR-1.D Line and stanza breaks contribute to the development and relationship of ideas in a poem.
• STR-1.E The arrangement of lines and stanzas contributes to the development and relationship of ideas in a poem.
• STR-1.F A text’s structure affects readers’ reactions and expectations by presenting the relationships among the ideas of the text via their relative positions and their placement within the text as a whole.

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.D: Explain the function of contrasts within a text.

• STR-1.G Contrast can be introduced through focus; tone; point of view; character, narrator, or speaker perspective; dramatic situation or moment; settings or time; or imagery.
• STR-1.H Contrasts are the result of shifts or juxtapositions or both.
• STR-1.I Shifts may be signaled by a word, a structural convention, or punctuation.
• STR-1.J Shifts may emphasize contrasts between particular segments of a text.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 5.B: Explain the function of specific words and phrases in a text.

• FIG-1.A An antecedent is a word, phrase, or clause that precedes its referent. Referents may include pronouns, nouns, phrases, or clauses.
• FIG-1.B Referents are ambiguous if they can refer to more than one antecedent, which affects interpretation.
• FIG-1.C Words or phrases may be repeated to emphasize ideas or associations.
• FIG-1.D Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter sound at the beginning of adjacent or nearby words to emphasize those words and their associations or representations.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 6.A: Identify and explain the function of a simile.

• FIG-1.E A simile uses the words “like” or “as” to liken two objects or concepts to each other.
• FIG-1.F Similes liken two different things to transfer the traits or qualities of one to the other.
• FIG-1.G In a simile, the thing being compared is the main subject; the thing to which it is being compared is the comparison subject.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 6.B: Identify and explain the function of a metaphor.

• FIG-1.H A metaphor implies similarities between two (usually unrelated) concepts or objects in order to reveal or emphasize one or more things about one of them, though the differences between the two may also be revealing.
• FIG-1.I In a metaphor, as in a simile, the thing being compared is the main subject; the thing to which it is being compared is the comparison subject.
• FIG-1.J Comparisons between objects or concepts draw on the experiences and associations readers already have with those objects and concepts.
• FIG-1.K Interpretation of a metaphor may depend on the context of its use; that is, what is happening in a text may determine what is transferred in the comparison.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.A: Develop a paragraph that includes 1) a claim that requires defense with evidence from the text and 2) the evidence itself.

• LAN-1.A In literary analysis, writers read a text closely to identify details that, in combination, enable them to make and defend a claim about an aspect of the text.
• LAN-1.B A claim is a statement that requires defense with evidence from the text.
• LAN-1.C In literary analysis, the initial components of a paragraph are the claim and textual evidence that defends the claim.