Biaya Produksi Jangka Pendek
| English | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|
| variable costs/ˈveərɪəbl kɒsts/ | kos berubah-ubah |
| fixed costs/fɪkst kɒsts/ | biaya tetap |
| raw materials/rɔː məˈtɪərɪəlz/ | bahan mentah |
| total cost/ˈtəʊtl kɒst/ | jumlah kos |
| average fixed cost/ˈævrɪdʒ fɪkst kɒst/ | biaya tetap rata-rata |
| average variable cost/ˈævrɪdʒ ˈveərɪəbl kɒst/ | biaya variabel rata-rata |
| average total cost/ˈævrɪdʒ ˈtəʊtl kɒst/ | biaya total rata-rata |
| marginal cost/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst/ | biaya marjinal |
Which costs move, and which don't
- Rent on the factory is due whether you make 1 unit or 10,000.
- Wages and materials, though, climb every time you make more.
- Sorting costs by how they behave is the key to pricing a firm's output.
- It starts with two types: fixed and variable.
Fixed and variable costs
- Fixed costs 固定成本 (FC) do not change with output — like factory rent. You pay them even at zero output.
- Variable costs 可变成本 (VC) rise as output rises — like wages and raw materials 原材料.
- Together they make total cost 总成本: $TC = FC + VC$.
Biaya total sama dengan biaya tetap ditambah ______ biaya.
TC = FC + VC. Biaya tetap tetap; biaya variabel meningkat seiring dengan output.
Cocokkan setiap biaya dengan contohnya.
Sewa bersifat tetap, gaji/bahan baku bervariasi sesuai output, dan MC adalah biaya untuk unit berikutnya.
Per-unit costs
- Average fixed cost 平均固定成本: $AFC = \tfrac{FC}{Q}$ — always falls as output rises (spread over more units).
- Average variable cost 平均可变成本: $AVC = \tfrac{VC}{Q}$. Average total cost 平均总成本: $ATC = \tfrac{TC}{Q} = AFC + AVC$.
- Marginal cost 边际成本 (MC) is the extra cost of one more unit: $MC = \tfrac{\Delta TC}{\Delta Q}$.
Kurva biaya perusahaan
Rata-rata biaya berbentuk U, dan biaya marginal memotongnya tepat di titik minimum. Seret output dan lihat bagaimana biaya marginal menarik rata-rata naik atau turun.
Total cost adalah 160 pada 10 unit dan 175 pada 11 unit. Berapakah marginal cost dari unit ke-11?
MC = ΔTC/ΔQ = (175 − 160)/1 = 15.
Saat output meningkat, average fixed cost:
Biaya tetap yang sama dibagi dengan kuantitas yang lebih besar terus menyusut.
MC cuts the average at its minimum
- When MC is below the average, it pulls the average down; when above, it pulls it up.
- So MC crosses AVC and ATC exactly at their lowest points.
- The curves are U-shaped for the same reason as diminishing returns: cheap extra units at first, dearer ones later.
Kurva marginal cost berpotongan dengan kurva average total cost di titik terendahnya.
Di bawah rata-rata MC menurunkannya, di atasnya menaikinya — sehingga mereka berpotongan di titik minimum.
Jika marginal cost dari unit berikutnya berada di bawah average total cost, maka ATC akan:
Marginal cost di bawah rata-rata menarik rata-rata turun.
Total cost = fixed + variable. Per unit: AFC always falls, and ATC = AFC + AVC. Marginal cost crosses AVC and ATC at their minimum points — below the average pulls it down, above pulls it up. All three short-run curves are U-shaped.