Keseimbangan Pasar dan Surplus
| English | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|
| equilibrium/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ | kesetimbangan |
| equilibrium price/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm praɪs/ | harga keseimbangan |
| equilibrium quantity/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm ˈkwɒntɪti/ | kuantitas keseimbangan |
| producer surplus/prəˈdjuːsə ˈsɜːpləs/ | surplus produsen |
| consumer surplus/kənˈsuːmə ˈsɜːpləs/ | surplus konsumen |
| total surplus/ˈtəʊtl ˈsɜːpləs/ | surplus total |
| allocative efficiency/ˈæləkətɪv ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ | efisiensi alokatif |
| marginal benefit/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl ˈbenɪfɪt/ | manfaat marginal |
The price that clears the market
- Buyers want to pay as little as possible; sellers want to charge as much as possible.
- Yet markets settle on one price where their plans match exactly.
- At that price, the amount buyers want equals the amount sellers offer.
- It is the equilibrium 均衡 — and it comes with hidden gains for both sides.
Where demand meets supply
- Equilibrium is where the demand and supply curves cross.
- The equilibrium price 均衡价格 is where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
- The equilibrium quantity 均衡数量 is the amount actually bought and sold.
Temukan keseimbangan
Keseimbangan berada di tempat penawaran memotong permintaan. Di atasnya terdapat surplus; di bawahnya kekurangan — harga didorong kembali ke titik pertemuan kedua kurva.
Pada keseimbangan pasar:
Keseimbangan berada tepat di mana kedua jumlah cocok dan kurva bersilangan.
Consumer and producer surplus
- Consumer surplus 消费者剩余 is the area below the demand curve and above the price — buyers paying less than they were willing to.
- Producer surplus 生产者剩余 is the area above the supply curve and below the price — sellers getting more than they would accept.
- Both are triangles, so each area is $\tfrac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}$.
- Total surplus 总剩余 is consumer surplus plus producer surplus.
Surplus konsumen adalah area:
Surplus konsumen = kemauan membayar dikurangi harga, dijumlahkan — di bawah permintaan, di atas harga.
Surplus konsumen ditambah surplus produsen sama dengan ______ surplus.
Total surplus mengukur seluruh keuntungan dari perdagangan di pasar.
Allocative efficiency
- At the competitive equilibrium, total surplus is as large as it can be.
- This is allocative efficiency 配置效率 — resources go to what society values most.
- It happens exactly where marginal benefit 边际收益 (from the demand curve) equals marginal cost (from the supply curve).
- Make less and MB > MC (a missed gain); make more and MC > MB (a waste).
Efisiensi alokatif terjadi di mana manfaat marjinal sama dengan biaya marjinal.
Pada MB = MC, total surplus dimaksimumkan — jumlah yang efisien.
Work out the surpluses
- Worked idea. Demand is $P = 20 - Q$; supply is $P = 2 + Q$.
- Set them equal: $20 - Q = 2 + Q$, so $Q = 9$ and $P = 11$.
- Consumer surplus $= \tfrac{1}{2} \times 9 \times (20 - 11) = 40.5$.
- Producer surplus $= \tfrac{1}{2} \times 9 \times (11 - 2) = 40.5$, so total surplus $= 81$.
Permintaan P = 20 − Q dan penawaran P = 2 + Q. Berapakah jumlah keseimbangan Q?
Set 20 − Q = 2 + Q, sehingga 18 = 2Q dan Q = 9.
Dengan keseimbangan pada Q = 9 dan P = 11, serta permintaan menyentuh sumbu harga pada 20, berapakah surplus konsumen? (luas segitiga)
CS = ½ × alas × tinggi = ½ × 9 × (20 − 11) = 40,5.
Equilibrium is where supply meets demand (quantity demanded = quantity supplied). Consumer surplus (below demand, above price) plus producer surplus (above supply, below price) make total surplus, which is largest at the equilibrium — allocative efficiency, where MB = MC.