Ketidakseimbangan dan Perubahan Keseimbangan
| English | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|
| surplus/ˈsɜːpləs/ | surplus |
| shortage/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ | kelangkaan |
| indeterminate/ˌɪndɪˈtɜːmɪnət/ | tidak tentu |
| simultaneous shift/ˌsɪməlˈteɪnɪəs ʃɪft/ | pergeseran simultan |
Too high, too low, or just right
- Leave a market alone and it drifts toward one special price.
- Set the price too high and unsold goods pile up; too low and buyers fight over too little.
- Either way, pressure builds that pushes the price back.
- Understanding that pressure lets you predict where a market will land.
Surplus and shortage
- Above equilibrium: quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded — a surplus 过剩 (excess supply). Sellers cut prices.
- Below equilibrium: quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied — a shortage 短缺 (excess demand). Buyers bid prices up.
- So a free market self-corrects: a surplus pushes the price down, a shortage pushes it up.
Jika harga ditetapkan di atas keseimbangan, pasar mengalami:
Di atas keseimbangan, jumlah penawaran melebihi jumlah permintaan — sebuah surplus, sehingga penjual menurunkan harga.
Ketika harga di bawah keseimbangan, permintaan berlebih menciptakan ______.
Kelangkaan mendorong pembeli untuk menawar harga naik menuju keseimbangan.
One shift moves the equilibrium
- When a determinant changes, a curve shifts and equilibrium moves. Trace it in two steps.
- Demand right: price up, quantity up. Demand left: price down, quantity down.
- Supply right: price down, quantity up. Supply left: price up, quantity down.
Geser kurva, gerakkan keseimbangan
Ubah penentu dan satu kurva bergeser, menggeser keseimbangan ke harga dan jumlah baru. Cobalah setiap pergeseran dan bacalah titik potong baru.
Permintaan bergeser ke kanan (penawaran tetap). Harga dan kuantitas:
Pergeseran permintaan ke kanan meningkatkan baik harga keseimbangan maupun kuantitas.
Susun langkah-langkah untuk menemukan keseimbangan baru setelah perubahan secara berurutan.
Sebutkan penggesernya, gerakkan kurva yang tepat ke arah yang benar, lalu baca titik potong baru.
Pilih semua pergeseran tunggal yang menaikkan harga keseimbangan.
Permintaan-kanan dan penawaran-kiri keduanya menaikkan harga; dua lainnya menurunkannya.
When both curves shift
- If demand and supply move at once, one result is clear and the other is indeterminate 不确定 — it depends on which shift is bigger.
- Demand right and supply right → quantity definitely rises; price is indeterminate.
- Demand right and supply left → price definitely rises; quantity is indeterminate.
With a simultaneous shift 同时移动, always sketch both moves. The diagram fixes one variable but cannot fix the other without knowing the sizes of the two shifts.
Ketika permintaan dan penawaran bergeser sekaligus, harga dan jumlah selalu terdeterminasi.
Satu bersifat determinat; yang lain bergantung pada pergeseran mana yang lebih besar — bersifat indeterminat.
Above equilibrium sits a surplus, below it a shortage, and the price self-corrects. A single shift moves both price and quantity predictably; a simultaneous shift pins down only one of them — the other is indeterminate.