Longer Fiction or Drama II · ⁨النثر الطويل أو المسرحية II⁩

Enduring Understanding (CHR-1): Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

Learning Objective 1.A: Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.

• CHR-1.T Different character, narrator, or speaker perspectives often reveal different information, develop different attitudes, and influence different interpretations of a text and the ideas in it.

Enduring Understanding (CHR-1): Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

Learning Objective 1.C: Explain the function of contrasting characters.

• CHR-1.U Foil characters (foils) serve to illuminate, through contrast, the traits, attributes, or values of another character.

Enduring Understanding (CHR-1): Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

Learning Objective 1.E: Explain how a character’s own choices, actions, and speech reveal complexities in that character, and explain the function of those complexities.

• CHR-1.V Inconsistencies between the private thoughts of characters and their actual behavior reveal tensions and complexities between private and professed values.
• CHR-1.W A character’s competing, conflicting, or inconsistent choices or actions contribute to complexity in a text.

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.A: Identify and describe how plot orders events in a narrative.

• STR-1.X Some narrative structures interrupt the chronology of a plot; such structures include flashback, foreshadowing, in medias res, and stream of consciousness.

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.B: Explain the function of a particular sequence of events in a plot.

• STR-1.Y Narrative structures that interrupt the chronology of a plot, such as flashback, foreshadowing, in medias res, and stream of consciousness, can directly affect readers’ experiences with a text by creating anticipation or suspense or building tension.

Enduring Understanding (STR-1): The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

Learning Objective 3.D: Explain the function of contrasts within a text.

• STR-1.Z Contrasts often represent contradictions or inconsistencies that introduce nuance, ambiguity, or contradiction into a text. As a result, contrasts make texts more complex.

Enduring Understanding (NAR-1): A narrator’s or speaker’s perspective controls the details and emphases that affect how readers experience and interpret a text.

Learning Objective 4.C: Identify and describe details, diction, or syntax in a text that reveal a narrator’s or speaker’s perspective.

• NAR-1.P The narrator’s or speaker’s tone toward events or characters in a text influences readers’ interpretation of the ideas associated with those things.
• NAR-1.Q The syntactical arrangement of phrases and clauses in a sentence can emphasize details or ideas and convey a narrator’s or speaker’s tone.
• NAR-1.R Information included and/or not included in a text conveys the perspective of characters, narrators, and/ or speakers.
• NAR-1.S A narrator’s or speaker’s perspective may influence the details and amount of detail in a text and may reveal biases, motivations, or understandings.

Enduring Understanding (NAR-1): A narrator’s or speaker’s perspective controls the details and emphases that affect how readers experience and interpret a text.

Learning Objective 4.D: Explain how a narrator’s reliability affects a narrative.

• NAR-1.T Readers can infer narrators’ biases by noting which details they choose to include in a narrative and which they choose to omit.
• NAR-1.U Readers who detect bias in a narrator may find that narrator less reliable.
• NAR-1.V The reliability of a narrator may influence a reader’s understanding of a character’s motives.

Enduring Understanding (FIG-1): Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.

Learning Objective 5.C: Identify and explain the function of a symbol.

• FIG-1.AA When a character comes to represent, or stand for, an idea or concept, that character becomes symbolic; some symbolic characters have become so common they are archetypal. Note: The AP Exam will not require students to identify or label archetypes.
• FIG-1.X When a material object comes to represent, or stand for, an idea or concept, it becomes a symbol.
• FIG-1.Y A symbol is an object that represents a meaning, so it is said to be symbolic or representative of that meaning. A symbol can represent different things depending on the experiences of a reader or the context of its use in a text.
• FIG-1.Z Certain symbols are so common and recurrent that many readers have associations with them prior to reading a text. Other symbols are more contextualized and only come to represent certain things through their use in a particular text.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.B: Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.

• LAN-1.D A thesis statement expresses an interpretation of a literary text, and requires a defense, through use of textual evidence and a line of reasoning, both of which are explained in an essay through commentary.
• LAN-1.E A thesis statement may preview the development or line of reasoning of an interpretation. This is not to say that a thesis statement must list the points of an interpretation, literary elements to be analyzed, or specific evidence to be used in the argument.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.C: Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.

• LAN-1.F A line of reasoning is the logical sequence of claims that work together to defend the overarching thesis statement.
• LAN-1.G A line of reasoning is communicated through commentary that explains the logical relationship between the overarching thesis statement and the claims/evidence within the body of an essay.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.D: Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support a line of reasoning.

• LAN-1.H Writers use evidence strategically and purposefully to illustrate, clarify, exemplify, associate, amplify, or qualify a point.
• LAN-1.I Evidence is effective when the writer of the essay uses commentary to explain a logical relationship between the evidence and the claim.
• LAN-1.J Evidence is sufficient when its quantity and quality provide apt support for the line of reasoning.
• LAN-1.K Developing and supporting an interpretation of a text is a recursive process; an interpretation can emerge from analyzing evidence and then forming a line of reasoning, or the interpretation can emerge from forming a line of reasoning and then identifying relevant evidence to support that line of reasoning.

Enduring Understanding (LAN-1): Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

Learning Objective 7.E: Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

• LAN-1.R Writers convey their ideas in a sentence through strategic selection and placement of phrases and clauses. Writers may use coordination to illustrate a balance or equality between ideas or subordination to illustrate an imbalance or inequality.
• LAN-1.S Writers use words that enhance the clear communication of an interpretation.
• LAN-1.T Punctuation conveys relationships between and among parts of a sentence.