Lines, angles, triangles and quadrilaterals · 直线、角、三角形与四边形
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| parallel/ˈpærəlel/ | 平行 | píng xíng |
| perpendicular/ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjʊlə/ | 垂直 | chuí zhí |
| acute/əˈkjuːt/ | 锐角 | ruì jiǎo |
| obtuse/ɒbˈtjuːs/ | 钝角 | dùn jiǎo |
| reflex/ˈriːfleks/ | 优角 | yōu jiǎo |
| vertex/ˈvɜːteks/ | 顶点 | dǐng diǎn |
| equilateral/ˌiːkwɪˈlætərəl/ | 等边 | děng biān |
| isosceles/aɪˈsɒsəliːz/ | 等腰 | děng yāo |
| scalene/ˈskeɪliːn/ | 不等边 | bù děng biān |
| quadrilateral/ˌkwɒdrɪˈlætərəl/ | 四边形 | sì biān xíng |
| parallelogram/ˌpærəˈleləɡræm/ | 平行四边形 | píng xíng sì biān xíng |
| rhombus/ˈrɒmbəs/ | 菱形 | líng xíng |
| trapezium/trəˈpiːzɪəm/ | 梯形 | tī xíng |
The shapes around you
- Look at any room: the door is a rectangle, a table might be circular, roof trusses are triangles.
- Geometry is the mathematics of shape — and it starts with naming the basics precisely.
你周围的形状
- 看任何房间:门是一个矩形,一张桌子可能是圆形,屋顶桁架是三角形。
- 几何是形状的数学——而它从精确地命名基础开始。
Shape and angle lab · 形状与角度实验
Classify angle facts by the diagram feature that creates them. · 根据产生该性质的图形特征对角度事实进行分类。
Lines and angles
- Two lines are parallel 平行 if they never meet; perpendicular 垂直 if they meet at exactly $90^{\circ}$.
- Angles are named by size:
| Name | Size |
|---|---|
| acute 锐角 | less than $90^{\circ}$ |
| right | exactly $90^{\circ}$ |
| obtuse 钝角 | between $90^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$ |
| reflex 优角 | between $180^{\circ}$ and $360^{\circ}$ |
- Name an angle with three letters: angle $ABC$ is the angle at vertex 顶点 $B$.
Reflex angles are easy to misread. If an angle is $250^{\circ}$, that's reflex — not $110^{\circ}$. Always check: the smaller angle and the reflex add to $360^{\circ}$.
Angles by size: acute (under 90°), right (90°, shown by a square), obtuse (90°–180°) and reflex (180°–360°)
The Taj Mahal has a clear line of symmetry down its centre
线和角
- 如果两条线永不相遇,它们是平行;如果它们以恰好 $90^{\circ}$ 相遇,它们是垂直。
- 角按大小命名:
| 名称 | 大小 |
|---|---|
| 锐角 | 小于 $90^{\circ}$ |
| 直角 | 恰好 $90^{\circ}$ |
| 钝角 | 在 $90^{\circ}$ 和 $180^{\circ}$ 之间 |
| 优角 | 在 $180^{\circ}$ 和 $360^{\circ}$ 之间 |
- 用三个字母命名一个角:角 $ABC$ 是顶点 $B$ 处的角。
优角(reflex)容易误读。 如果一个角是 $250^{\circ}$,那是优角——不是 $110^{\circ}$。总是检查:较小的角和优角加起来为 $360^{\circ}$。

角按大小:锐角(小于 90°)、直角(90°,用方块表示)、钝角(90°–180°)和优角(180°–360°)

泰姬陵沿它的中心有一条清晰的对称线
An angle of 40° is called: · 40° 的角被称为:
Less than 90° is acute. · 小于 90° 的角是锐角。
An angle of 250° is an obtuse angle. · 250° 的角是钝角。
250° is between 180° and 360°, so it is a reflex angle, not obtuse. · 250° 介于 180° 和 360° 之间,因此是优角,不是钝角。
Triangles
- A triangle has three sides; its angles always add up to $180^{\circ}$.
- Equilateral 等边: all sides equal, all angles $60^{\circ}$.
- Isosceles 等腰: two equal sides, two equal angles.
- Scalene 不等边: all sides and angles different.
Angles $x$, $2x$, and $90^{\circ}$: $\;x + 2x + 90 = 180 \Rightarrow 3x = 90 \Rightarrow x = 30^{\circ}$.
The angle at the centre ($80^\circ$) is twice the angle at the circumference ($40^\circ$) on the same arc
三角形
- 一个三角形有三条边;它的角总是加起来为 $180^{\circ}$。
- 等边(equilateral):所有边相等,所有角 $60^{\circ}$。
- 等腰(isosceles):两条相等的边,两个相等的角。
- 不等边(scalene):所有边和角都不同。
角 $x$、$2x$ 和 $90^{\circ}$:$\;x + 2x + 90 = 180 \Rightarrow 3x = 90 \Rightarrow x = 30^{\circ}$。

中心处的角($80^\circ$)是同弧上圆周处角($40^\circ$)的两倍
A triangle has angles x, 2x and 90°. Find x (in degrees). · 一个三角形的三个角分别为 x、2x 和 90°。求 x(单位:度)。
x + 2x + 90 = 180, so 3x = 90 and x = 30°. · x + 2x + 90 = 180,所以 3x = 90,解得 x = 30°。
An isosceles triangle has ______ equal sides. · 等腰三角形有 ______ 条相等的边。
An isosceles triangle has exactly two equal sides (and two equal angles). · 等腰三角形恰好有两条相等的边(以及两个相等的角)。
Quadrilaterals 四边形
- A quadrilateral has four sides; its angles always add up to $360^{\circ}$.
- Key types: square (4 equal sides, 4 right angles), rectangle (4 right angles), parallelogram 平行四边形 (opposite sides parallel), rhombus 菱形 (4 equal sides), kite (2 pairs of adjacent equal sides), trapezium 梯形 (exactly 1 pair of parallel sides).
Like number families, shapes nest inside each other: every square is a rectangle, but not every rectangle is a square.
四边形
- 一个四边形有四条边;它的角总是加起来为 $360^{\circ}$。
- 关键类型:正方形(4 条相等的边,4 个直角)、矩形(4 个直角)、平行四边形(对边平行)、菱形(4 条相等的边)、风筝形(2 对相邻的相等边)、梯形(恰好 1 对平行边)。

像数族一样,形状相互嵌套:每个正方形都是一个矩形,但不是每个矩形都是一个正方形。
The four angles of a quadrilateral add up to how many degrees? · 四边形的四个内角之和是多少度?
A quadrilateral can be split into two triangles: 2 × 180 = 360°. · 四边形可分割为两个三角形:2 × 180 = 360°。
Match each quadrilateral to its property. · 将每种四边形与其性质匹配。
A square has 4 equal sides and 4 right angles; a trapezium has one parallel pair; a kite has two adjacent equal pairs. · 正方形有4条相等的边和4个直角;梯形有一对平行边;菱形有两对相邻相等的边。
Why triangles are special
- Triangles are the only polygon that is always rigid — you can't change the shape without bending a side.
- That's why bridges, roof trusses, and crane booms are built from triangles.
Two theorems for both levels: the angle in a semicircle is $90^\circ$, and a tangent meets a radius at $90^\circ$
为什么三角形特殊
- 三角形是唯一总是刚性的多边形——你不能在不弯曲一条边的情况下改变形状。
- 这就是为什么桥梁、屋顶桁架和起重机臂由三角形构建。

两个层级的两个定理:半圆中的角是 $90^\circ$,而切线与半径以 $90^\circ$ 相遇
You've got it
- acute $<90^{\circ}$, right $=90^{\circ}$, obtuse $90$–$180^{\circ}$, reflex $180$–$360^{\circ}$
- triangle angles $= 180^{\circ}$; quadrilateral angles $= 360^{\circ}$
- name an angle by three letters — the middle letter is the vertex
你掌握了
- 锐角 $<90^{\circ}$,直角 $=90^{\circ}$,钝角 $90$–$180^{\circ}$,优角 $180$–$360^{\circ}$
- 三角形角 $= 180^{\circ}$;四边形角 $= 360^{\circ}$
- 用三个字母命名一个角——中间的字母是顶点