Employment and unemployment · 就业与失业
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| unemployment/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt/ | 失业 | shī yè |
| unemployed/ʌnemˈplɔɪd/ | 失业者 | shī yè zhě |
| unemployment rate/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt reɪt/ | 失业率 | shī yè lǜ |
| labour force/ˈleɪbə fɔːs/ | 劳动力 | láo dòng lì |
| frictional/ˈfrɪkʃənl/ | 摩擦性 | mó cā xìng |
| structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ | 结构性 | jié gòu xìng |
| cyclical/ˈsaɪklɪkl/ | 周期性 | zhōu qī xìng |
When people can't find work
- Unemployment 失业 wastes the one resource an economy can never get back — people's time and skills.
- Keeping it low is one of every government's central aims.
当人们找不到工作时
- 失业浪费一个经济永远无法收回的那一个资源——人们的时间和技能。
- 保持它低是每个政府的核心目标之一。
Development chain lab · 发展链条实验室
Follow how policy and resources can change living standards. · 了解政策和资源如何改变生活水平。
The unemployed are people who are: · 失业人口是指：
Unemployment counts only those actively seeking work. · 失业统计仅包括积极寻找工作的人。
The unemployment rate is the unemployed as a percentage of the labour ______. · 失业率是失业人口占劳动力______的百分比。
Rate = unemployed ÷ labour force × 100. · 失业率 = (失业人口 ÷ 劳动力总数) × 100。
What unemployment is
- The unemployed 失业者 are people willing and able to work who cannot find a job.
- The unemployment rate 失业率 = unemployed ÷ labour force 劳动力, as a percentage.
Worked example. A country has 24 million people working and 2 million unemployed and looking for work. The labour force = 24 + 2 = 26 million, so the unemployment rate = 2 ÷ 26 × 100 = 7.7%.
The four types of unemployment: frictional 摩擦性 (between jobs), structural 结构性 (skills no longer match), cyclical 周期性 (low demand in a recession) and seasonal
失业是什么
- 失业者(the unemployed)是愿意且有能力工作却找不到工作的人。
- 失业率(unemployment rate)= 失业者 ÷ 劳动力,作为一个百分比。
例题。 一个国家有 2400 万人在工作,200 万人失业并在找工作。劳动力 = 24 + 2 = 2600 万,所以失业率 = 2 ÷ 26 × 100 = 7.7%。
四种类型的失业:摩擦性(在工作之间)、结构性(技能不再匹配)、周期性(衰退中的低需求)和季节性
Unemployment caused by a recession (too little demand) is: · 由衰退（需求不足）引起的失业是：
Cyclical unemployment rises when demand falls in a downturn. · 当经济下行导致需求下降时，周期性失业会上升。
A coal miner who loses his job when mines close, and whose skills no longer match new jobs, faces: · 一名煤矿工人在矿场关闭后失去工作，且其技能与新岗位不匹配，他面临的是：
A skills/industry mismatch is structural unemployment. · 技能/行业错配属于结构性失业。
Types of unemployment
- Cyclical: caused by recession — too little demand for goods, so fewer jobs.
- Structural: skills no longer match available jobs (an industry declines).
- Frictional: short-term, between jobs.
Four main aims: growth, low unemployment, stable prices, fair incomes
失业的类型
- 周期性(cyclical):由衰退造成——对物品的需求太少,所以工作更少。
- 结构性(structural):技能不再匹配可用的工作(一个行业衰落)。
- 摩擦性(frictional):短期的,在工作之间。
Retirees and full-time students are counted as unemployed. · 退休人员和全日制学生被计入失业人口。
They are not in the labour force, so they are not unemployed. · 他们不属于劳动力队伍，因此不被视为失业。
Why it matters
- Costs to the unemployed: lost income, lost skills, stress.
- Costs to society: lost output, lower tax revenue, higher benefit spending.
Not everyone without a job is "unemployed". Students, retirees and full-time carers are not in the labour force, so they don't count. Unemployment counts only those seeking work.
Unemployment means people who want a job cannot find one
为什么它重要
- 对失业者的成本:失去的收入、失去的技能、压力。
- 对社会的成本:失去的产出、更低的税收收入、更高的福利支出。
不是每个没有工作的人都是"失业的"。 学生、退休者和全职照顾者不在劳动力中,所以他们不算。失业只算那些寻找工作的人。
You've got it
- the unemployed = willing and able to work but without a job
- types: cyclical (recession), structural (skills mismatch), frictional (between jobs)
- unemployment costs lost output, income and tax revenue
你掌握了
- 失业者 = 愿意且有能力工作但没有工作
- 类型:周期性(衰退)、结构性(技能不匹配)、摩擦性(在工作之间)
- 失业花费失去的产出、收入和税收收入