Fiscal policy · 财政政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| fiscal policy/ˈfɪskl ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 财政政策 | cái zhèng zhèng cè |
| government spending/ˈɡʌvənmənt ˈspendɪŋ/ | 政府支出 | zhèng fǔ zhī chū |
| taxation/tækˈseɪʃn/ | 税收 | shuì shōu |
| budget balance/ˈbʌdʒɪt ˈbæləns/ | 预算平衡 | yù suàn píng héng |
| expansionary/ekˈspænʃənəri/ | 扩张性的 | kuò zhāng xìng de |
| budget deficit/ˈbʌdʒɪt ˈdefɪsɪt/ | 预算赤字 | yù suàn chì zì |
| contractionary/kənˈtrækʃənəri/ | 紧缩性的 | jǐn suō xìng de |
| indirect tax/ɪndaɪˈrekt tæks/ | 间接税 | jiàn jiē shuì |
| direct tax/daɪˈrekt tæks/ | 直接税 | zhí jiē shuì |
Spending and taxing the economy
- A government collects taxes and spends on schools, roads and hospitals. By changing how much, it can steer the whole economy.
- That is fiscal policy 财政政策.
给经济花钱和征税
- 一个政府收税并花在学校、道路和医院上。通过改变花多少,它能引导整个经济。
- 那是财政政策(fiscal policy)。
Fiscal policy uses: · 财政政策使用:
Fiscal policy works through the government budget. · 财政政策通过政府预算运作。
The gap between government spending and tax revenue is the budget . · 政府支出和税收收入之间的差距是预算。
Spending above revenue is a deficit; below it, a surplus. · 支出高于收入是赤字;低于它,盈余。
The two levers
- Government spending 政府支出 — on public services, investment and benefits.
- Taxation 税收 — direct (on income, profit) and indirect (on goods, like VAT).
- The gap between them is the budget balance 预算平衡.
Progressive, regressive and proportional taxes
两个杠杆
- 政府支出(government spending)——在公共服务、投资和福利上。
- 税收(taxation)——直接(对收入、利润)和间接(对物品,像增值税)。
- 它们之间的差距是预算平衡(budget balance)。
累进、累退和比例税
Fiscal policy shifts AD · 财政政策移动总需求
Spending more or taxing less shifts aggregate demand right — raising output, but also the price level. · 花更多或税更少使总需求右移——提高产出,但也提高价格水平。
Expansionary fiscal policy involves: · 扩张性财政政策涉及:
It boosts demand by spending more or taxing less. · 它通过花更多或税更少提振需求。
Expansionary 扩张性的 fiscal policy
- To boost a weak economy: spend more and/or cut taxes.
- This raises demand, output and jobs — but may widen the budget deficit 预算赤字 and stoke inflation.
扩张性财政政策
- 为了提振一个疲弱的经济:花更多和/或减税。
- 这提高需求、产出和工作——但可能扩大预算赤字并助长通货膨胀。
Which is a direct tax? · 哪个是一种直接税?
Income tax is paid directly on income — a direct tax. · 所得税在收入上直接支付——一种直接税。
Raising taxes is a contractionary fiscal policy used to cool an economy. · 加税是一种用来冷却一个经济的紧缩性财政政策。
Higher taxes reduce demand, curbing inflation. · 更高的税减少需求,抑制通货膨胀。
Contractionary 紧缩性的 fiscal policy
- To cool an overheating economy: spend less and/or raise taxes.
- This curbs demand and inflation — but can slow growth and cost jobs.
Direct vs indirect tax 间接税. A direct tax 直接税 is paid straight to the government on income or profit (income tax). An indirect tax is added to a good's price and collected by sellers (VAT, duties).
紧缩性财政政策
- 为了冷却一个过热的经济:花更少和/或加税。
- 这抑制需求和通货膨胀——但能减缓增长并损失工作。
直接税对间接税。 一个直接税在收入或利润上直接付给政府(所得税)。一个间接税被加到一个物品的价格上并由卖方收取(增值税、关税)。
You've got it
- fiscal policy = government spending and taxation
- expansionary (spend more / tax less) boosts demand; contractionary does the opposite
- direct taxes hit income/profit; indirect taxes are added to prices
你掌握了
- 财政政策 = 政府支出和税收
- 扩张性(花更多/税更少)提振需求;紧缩性做相反的事
- 直接税打击收入/利润;间接税被加到价格上