Types of markets · 市场类型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| competitive markets/kəmˈpetɪtɪv ˈmɑːkɪts/ | 竞争市场 | jìng zhēng shì chǎng |
| free entry/friː ˈentri/ | 自由进入 | zì yóu jìn rù |
| efficient/ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | 有效率的 | yǒu xiào lǜ de |
| monopoly/məˈnɒpəli/ | 垄断 | lǒng duàn |
| barriers to entry/ˈbærɪəz tʊ ˈentri/ | 进入壁垒 | jìn rù bì lěi |
| innovate/ˈɪnəveɪt/ | 创新 | chuàng xīn |
| economies of scale/ɪˈkɒnəmiz ɒv skeɪl/ | 规模经济 | guī mó jīng jì |
One seller or many?
- In a street market, dozens of stalls sell the same fruit, so no one can charge much more than the rest.
- But what if a single firm controls the whole market? The outcome is very different.
一个卖方还是许多?
- 在一个街市,几十个摊位卖同样的水果,所以没有人能收取比其余的多很多。
- 但如果一个单一的企业控制整个市场呢?结果非常不同。
Economics case lab · 经济学案例实验室
Classify real examples by the economic idea they show. · 根据所展示的经济学概念对真实案例进行分类。
A competitive market is characterised by: · 竞争市场的特征是：
Many firms with free entry define a competitive market. · 众多企业且自由进入定义了竞争市场。
Competitive markets 竞争市场
- Many firms sell similar products, with free entry 自由进入 for new firms.
- Strong competition keeps prices low, choice wide, and forces firms to be efficient 有效率的.
In a competitive market many firms sell similar goods, so each keeps prices low to win customers
竞争市场
- 许多企业(many firms)卖相似的产品,新企业自由进入。
- 强烈的竞争保持价格低、选择广,并迫使企业高效。
在竞争性市场中,许多公司卖相似的商品,所以每家都压低价格来赢得顾客
A monopoly is protected from competition by: · 垄断者通过以下哪项免受竞争威胁：
Barriers to entry keep rivals out, giving the monopolist market power. · 进入壁垒阻止竞争对手进入，赋予垄断者市场力量。
Things that stop new firms entering a market are called barriers to ______. · 阻碍新企业进入市场的因素被称为______壁垒。
Barriers to entry protect a monopoly. · 进入壁垒保护了垄断地位。
Monopoly 垄断
- A monopoly is a single (or dominant) seller, protected by barriers to entry 进入壁垒.
- With no rivals, it can charge higher prices and may have less reason to innovate 创新.
Markets range from monopoly (one seller) to perfect competition (many)
垄断
- 一个垄断(monopoly)是一个单一(或主导)的卖方,由进入壁垒(barriers to entry)保护。
- 没有竞争对手,它能收取更高的价格,且可能有更少的理由创新。
Compared with monopoly, strong competition tends to give consumers: · 与垄断相比，强有力的竞争通常使消费者获得：
Competition drives prices down and widens choice. · 竞争压低价格并扩大选择范围。
A monopoly can sometimes benefit from economies of scale. · 垄断有时可以从规模经济中受益。
Its large size may lower average cost and fund research. · 其大规模可能降低平均成本并为研发提供资金。
Comparing the two
- Competition → lower prices, more choice, efficiency, lower profit.
- Monopoly → higher prices, less choice, but possibly economies of scale 规模经济 and funds for research.
Monopoly isn't always bad. A large monopoly can reap economies of scale and fund big research projects. The worry is high prices and weak incentives when no rival can challenge it.
比较两者
- 竞争 → 更低的价格、更多的选择、效率、更低的利润。
- 垄断 → 更高的价格、更少的选择,但可能有规模经济和研究的资金。
垄断并不总是坏的。 一个大的垄断能获得规模经济并资助大型研究项目。担忧是当没有竞争对手能挑战它时的高价格和弱激励。
You've got it
- competitive markets: many firms, free entry → low prices, efficiency, choice
- a monopoly is a dominant seller behind barriers to entry → higher prices
- monopoly can bring economies of scale but risks weak incentives
你掌握了
- 竞争市场:许多企业、自由进入 → 低价格、效率、选择
- 一个垄断是进入壁垒背后的一个主导卖方 → 更高的价格
- 垄断能带来规模经济但有弱激励的风险