Production, costs and growth · 生产、成本与增长
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| productivity/ˌprɒdəkˈtɪvɪti/ | 生产率 | shēng chǎn lǜ |
| profit/ˈprɒfɪt/ | 利润 | lì rùn |
A decision you can investigate
- Two bakeries make the same bread, but one trains each worker for a specialist task.
- Higher output per worker can lower cost, while repetitive work can harm motivation.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 两家面包店生产同种面包，但其中一家让每位工人专攻一项特定工序。
- 人均产量提高可降低单位成本，但重复性工作可能损害员工积极性。
Build the explanation
- Productivity 生产率 is output per unit of input. Division of labour splits production into specialised tasks.
- Fixed costs do not change with output in the relevant period; variable costs do. Total cost is their sum.
构建解释
- 生产率是单位投入的产出量。劳动分工将生产过程分解为专业化任务。
- 固定成本在相关时期内不随产量变化；可变成本则会变化。总成本是两者的总和。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Production, costs and growth. · 在“生产、成本与增长”的特定语境下使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- A bakery has fixed costs of 200 yuan and variable cost of 3 yuan per loaf. At 100 loaves, total cost = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500 yuan.
- At 8 yuan per loaf, revenue = 8 × 100 = 800 yuan and profit 利润 = 800 − 500 = 300 yuan.
梳理证据
- 一家面包店的固定成本为200元，每 loaf 的可变成本为3元。当产量为100 loaf 时，总成本 = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500元。
- 当每 loaf 售价为8元时，总收入 = 8 × 100 = 800元，利润 = 800 − 500 = 300元。
What is average total cost at 100 loaves? · 生产 100 个 loaf 时的平均总成本是多少？
A bakery has fixed costs of 200 yuan and variable cost of 3 yuan per loaf. At 100 loaves, total cost = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500 yuan. At 8 yuan per loaf, revenue = 8 × 100 = 800 yuan and profit = 800 − 500 = 300 yuan. · 一家面包店的固定成本为 200 元，可变成本为 3 元/个面包。在 100 个面包时，总成本 = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500 元。以 8 元/个面包出售时，收入 = 8 × 100 = 800 元，利润 = 800 − 500 = 300 元。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
Economies of scale lower long-run average cost as scale increases; they are not simply a higher total profit. Coordination problems and slow communication can cause diseconomies in a large business. · 规模经济随着规模扩大而降低长期平均成本；它们并不单纯等同于更高的总利润。协调问题和沟通缓慢可能导致大型企业出现规模不经济。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Coordination problems and slow communication can cause diseconomies in a large business. · 协调问题和沟通迟缓可能导致大型企业的规模不经济。
Test the limits
- Economies of scale lower long-run average cost as scale increases; they are not simply a higher total profit.
- Coordination problems and slow communication can cause diseconomies in a large business.
测试极限
- 规模经济随着规模扩大而降低长期平均成本；它并非简单地等于更高的总利润。
- 协调问题和沟通迟缓可能导致大企业出现规模不经济。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Apply and explain your answer
- What is average total cost at 100 loaves?
- 5 yuan per loaf.
应用并解释你的答案
- 当产量为100 loaf 时，平均总成本是多少？
- 5 元/个面包。
Use the terms precisely
- productivity: Output per unit of input.
- profit: Total revenue minus total cost.
精确使用术语
- 生产率：单位投入的产出量。
- 利润：总收入减去总成本。
A bakery has fixed costs of 200 yuan and variable cost of 3 yuan per loaf. At 100 loaves, total cost = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500 yuan. At 8 yuan per loaf, revenue = 8 × 100 = 800 yuan and profit = 800 − 500 = 300 yuan.
Economies of scale lower long-run average cost as scale increases; they are not simply a higher total profit. Coordination problems and slow communication can cause diseconomies in a large business.
Productivity is output per unit of input. Division of labour splits production into specialised tasks.
一家面包店的固定成本为 200 元，可变成本为 3 元/个面包。在 100 个面包时，总成本 = 200 + 3 × 100 = 500 元。以 8 元/个面包出售时，收入 = 8 × 100 = 800 元，利润 = 800 − 500 = 300 元。
规模经济随着规模扩大而降低长期平均成本；它们并不单纯等同于更高的总利润。协调问题和沟通缓慢可能导致大型企业出现规模不经济。
生产率是单位投入的产出量。劳动分工将生产过程分解为专业化任务。