Market failure and policy · 市场失灵与政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| public good/ˈpʌblɪk ɡʊd/ | 公共物品 | gōng gòng wù pǐn |
| government failure/ˈɡʌvənmənt ˈfeɪlɪə/ | 政府失灵 | zhèng fǔ shī líng |
A decision you can investigate
- Drivers choose routes using their own journey cost while adding delays for other users.
- A private optimum can differ from the social optimum.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 驾驶者在选择路线时基于自身的行程成本进行决策，同时给其他使用者增加了延误。
- 私人最优可能与社会福利最优不同。
Build the explanation
- For a negative production externality, marginal social cost exceeds marginal private cost. The market quantity can exceed the socially efficient quantity.
- A public good 公共物品 is non-rival and non-excludable; free riding can cause under-provision.
构建解释
- 对于负外部性生产，边际社会成本高于边际私人成本。市场均衡数量可能超过社会最优数量。
- 公共物品 公共物品具有非竞争性和非排他性；搭便车行为可能导致供给不足。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Market failure and policy. · 在市场失灵和政策这一特定语境中使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- A congestion charge can raise the private cost of peak journeys. If drivers respond, journeys and delays fall.
- Compare the charge with public transport investment: one discourages journeys, the other improves alternatives.
梳理证据
- 拥堵收费可以提高高峰时段出行的私人成本。如果司机做出反应，出行量和延误时间都会减少。
- 将拥堵收费与公共交通投资进行比较：前者抑制出行，后者改善替代选择。
Which condition identifies the efficient output in the simple externality model? · 在简单的 externality（外部性）模型中，何种条件可确定有效产出水平？
A congestion charge can raise the private cost of peak journeys. If drivers respond, journeys and delays fall. Compare the charge with public transport investment: one discourages journeys, the other improves alternatives. · 拥堵收费可以提高高峰时段出行的私人成本。如果司机做出反应，出行量和延误时间都会减少。将拥堵收费与公共交通投资进行比较：前者抑制出行，后者改善替代选择。
Test the limits
- A transfer of tax revenue is not itself a social resource cost.
- Policy evaluation should consider the size of the externality, enforcement costs, equity and unintended effects.
测试极限
- 税收收入的转移本身并非社会资源成本。
- 政策评估应考虑外部性的规模、执法成本、公平性以及意外后果。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
A transfer of tax revenue is not itself a social resource cost. Policy evaluation should consider the size of the externality, enforcement costs, equity and unintended effects. · 税收收入的转移本身并非社会资源成本。政策评估应考虑外部性的规模、执法成本、公平性以及意外后果。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Policy evaluation should consider the size of the externality, enforcement costs, equity and unintended effects. · 政策评估应考量外部性的规模、执行成本、公平性及意外后果。
Apply and explain your answer
- Which condition identifies the efficient output in the simple externality model?
- Marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost.
应用并解释你的答案
- 在简单的外部性模型中，哪种条件确定了有效产出？
- 边际社会收益等于边际社会成本。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Use the terms precisely
- public good: A good that is non-rival and non-excludable.
- government failure 政府失灵: Intervention that worsens allocation or creates avoidable inefficiency.
精确使用术语
- 公共物品：一种具有非竞争性和非排他性的物品。
- 政府失灵 政府失灵：干预导致资源配置恶化或产生本可避免的低效率。
A congestion charge can raise the private cost of peak journeys. If drivers respond, journeys and delays fall. Compare the charge with public transport investment: one discourages journeys, the other improves alternatives.
A transfer of tax revenue is not itself a social resource cost. Policy evaluation should consider the size of the externality, enforcement costs, equity and unintended effects.
For a negative production externality, marginal social cost exceeds marginal private cost. The market quantity can exceed the socially efficient quantity.
拥堵收费可以提高高峰时段出行的私人成本。如果司机做出反应，出行量和延误时间都会减少。将拥堵收费与公共交通投资进行比较：前者抑制出行，后者改善替代选择。
税收收入的转移本身并非社会资源成本。政策评估应考虑外部性的规模、执法成本、公平性以及意外后果。
对于负外部性生产，边际社会成本高于边际私人成本。市场均衡数量可能超过社会最优数量。