International Organisations · 国际组织
New organisations, stated goals
- New international organisations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.
- The CED writes stated goal, which is a historian's phrasing: it records the purpose claimed at founding without asserting that it was achieved.
- So an answer can examine the gap between the stated goal and the record without contradicting the CED.
新的组织,写明的目标
- 新的国际组织,包括联合国,以维护世界和平与促进国际合作为其所声明的目标而成立。
- CED 写的是所声明的目标,这是历史学者的措辞:它记录下创立时所宣称的宗旨,而不断言它已经实现。
- 因此答案可以考察所声明目标与实际记录之间的落差,而不与 CED 相矛盾。
Select both · 两者 stated goals the CED names. · 选择CED指出的两个既定目标。
Cooperation is the broader of the two. · 合作是两者中更广泛的概念。
Why 1945 and not 1919
- An international organisation had been tried after the first war and had not prevented the second.
- The founders of the second attempt built in the great powers rather than around them, having learned from that failure.
- So the organisation's design is itself evidence about what its founders thought had gone wrong.
为何是 1945 年而非 1919 年
- 第一次世界大战之后已经尝试过一个国际组织,而它没能阻止第二次世界大战。
- 第二次尝试的创立者从那次失败中吸取教训,把大国纳入其中,而不是绕过它们。
- 因此这个组织的设计本身,就是关于其创立者认为哪里出了问题的证据。
The CED's phrase "stated goal" allows an answer to... · CED的短语“既定目标”允许答案……
That is better history than either praise or dismissal. · 这比单纯的赞扬或 dismissive 评价更具历史价值。
Cooperation is broader than peace
- The CED names two goals: maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.
- The second covers health, refugees, aviation, postal traffic, labour standards and much else.
- So the organisations' effects on daily life may be larger and more durable than their effects on war — a defensible claim, and an interesting one.
合作比和平更宽
- CED 点出了两个目标:维护世界和平与促进国际合作。
- 后者涵盖卫生、难民、航空、邮政往来、劳工标准以及许多别的领域。
- 因此这些组织对日常生活的影响,可能比它们对战争的影响更大、更持久——这是一个站得住、而且有意思的主张。
Peace, cooperation, or the historian's caution? · 和平、合作，还是历史学家的谨慎？
Sort each element of this subtopic. · 排序该子主题的每个要素。
The organisation's ____ is evidence about what its founders thought had gone wrong before. · 该组织的____是关于其创立者认为此前出了什么问题的证据。
The second attempt built in the great powers rather than around them. · 第二次尝试是将大国纳入其中而非围绕它们构建。
"Stated goal" is the CED's careful phrasing. It records the purpose claimed at founding without asserting the purpose was achieved — so examining the gap between the stated goal and the record is entirely consistent with the CED, and is better history than either praise or dismissal.
**"所声明的目标"是 CED 谨慎的措辞。**它记录下创立时所宣称的宗旨,而不断言这一宗旨已经实现——因此考察所声明目标与实际记录之间的落差,与 CED 完全一致,而且比一味称许或一味否定都是更好的历史。
Select all · 所有 the areas covered by "international cooperation" in this lesson. · 选择本课中“国际合作”所涵盖的全部领域。
Postal traffic and labour standards also belong; elections are domestic. · 邮政服务和劳工标准也属于此列；选举属于国内事务。
How globalisation changed states' interactions
- The objective is how and why globalisation changed international interactions among states.
- How: through permanent forums, agreed rules, and specialised agencies that outlast any one dispute.
- Why: because problems that cross borders — disease, trade, refugees, aviation — cannot be solved by a state acting alone.
全球化如何改变了国家间的互动
- 这一目标是全球化如何以及为何改变了国家之间的互动。
- 如何:通过常设论坛、经过约定的规则,以及比任何一次争端都长久的专门机构。
- 为何:因为跨越国界的问题——疾病、贸易、难民、航空——无法由一个国家单独解决。
This subtopic supplies the institutional half of most of unit 9. · 该子主题为第9单元的多数内容提供了制度层面。
Epidemics, climate debates and rights declarations all needed a forum that already existed. · 流行病、气候辩论和人权宣言都需要一个已经存在的论坛。
Connecting to the rest of unit 9
- 9.2's epidemics, 9.3's climate debates and 9.5's rights declarations all needed a forum that already existed.
- So this subtopic supplies the institutional half of nearly every other subtopic in the unit.
- An answer that links an organisation to a specific problem from elsewhere in unit 9 is doing exactly what the objective asks.
与第九单元其余部分相连
- 9.2 的流行病、9.3 的气候争论、9.5 的权利宣言,都需要一个业已存在的论坛。
- 因此本小节为本单元几乎其他每一个小节提供了制度性的那一半。
- 把某个组织与第九单元别处的某个具体问题连起来的答案,做的正是这一目标所要求的事。
An international body's most durable work may be an agreement on air-traffic rules that no headline ever mentions. Every flight in the world depends on it, and it exists because the same problem crossed every border at once. That is facilitating international cooperation, and it is easier to evidence than maintaining world peace.
一个国际机构最持久的工作,也许是一项从未上过头条的空中交通规则协定。世界上每一次飞行都依赖它,而它之所以存在,是因为同一个问题同时跨越了每一条边界。这就是"促进国际合作",而它比"维护世界和平"更容易提供证据。
New international organisations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation. Stated goal records the founding purpose without asserting it was achieved. Cooperation is broader than peace and covers health, refugees, aviation and standards — and it supplies the institutional half of nearly every other subtopic in unit 9.
新的国际组织,包括联合国,以维护世界和平与促进国际合作为其所声明的目标而成立。"所声明的目标"记录下创立时的宗旨,而不断言它已实现。合作比和平更宽,涵盖卫生、难民、航空与各类标准——并为第九单元几乎其他每一个小节提供了制度性的那一半。