Reactions to Power · 对权力的反应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence | 非暴力 | fēi bào lì |
Two directions at once
- Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend.
- Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
- The CED states both in one place, so the subtopic is a contrast rather than a single story.
同时存在的两个方向
- 尽管冲突主导了二十世纪的大部分时间,许多个人与团体——包括国家——反对这一趋势。
- 然而,也有一些个人与团体加剧了冲突。
- CED 把两者写在同一处,因此本小节是一次对照,而不是一个单一故事。
Select all · 所有 the promoters of nonviolence the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的非暴力倡导者。
Nkrumah appears in 8.2 and 8.5, for non-alignment and independence. · 恩克鲁玛出现在 8.2 和 8.5 中，分别关于不结盟运动和独立。
Nonviolence as a method
- Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence 非暴力 as a way to bring about political change.
- The CED's phrase is the practice of nonviolence — a method with tactics, discipline and organisation, not merely a refusal.
- And as a way to bring about political change: it is presented as instrumental, chosen because it works.
作为方法的非暴力
- 团体与个人对这个世纪的众多战争提出挑战,其中一些人,如莫罕达斯·甘地、马丁·路德·金与纳尔逊·曼德拉,倡导以非暴力(nonviolence)的实践来带来政治变革。
- CED 的措辞是非暴力的实践——一种有战术、有纪律、有组织的方法,而不只是一种拒绝。
- 而且是"作为带来政治变革的一种方式":它被呈现为工具性的,因其有效而被选择。
The CED calls nonviolence a... · CED 将非暴力称为……
A method with tactics, discipline and organisation, chosen because it works. · 一种包含策略、纪律和组织的方法，因其有效而被选择。
And states that intensified conflict
- Militaries and militarised states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
- The CED's examples: Chile under Augusto Pinochet, Spain under Francisco Franco, Uganda under Idi Amin, and the buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading.
- The last is not a regime but a structure — an economy organised around producing arms sustains the demand for them.
以及加剧冲突的国家
- 军队与军事化国家对冲突的扩散作出的回应,常常进一步加剧了冲突。
- CED 的例子:奥古斯托·皮诺切特治下的智利、弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥治下的西班牙、伊迪·阿明治下的乌干达,以及军工复合体的扩张与武器贸易。
- 最后一项不是一个政权而是一种结构——一个围绕生产武器组织起来的经济,会维持对武器的需求。
Which reaction to power is this? · 这是对权力的哪种反应？
Sort each case into the subtopic's four categories. · 将每个案例归类到子主题的四个类别中。
Select all · 所有 the CED's examples of responses that intensified conflict. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的加剧冲突的回应实例。
Uganda under Idi Amin completes the CED's list. · 伊迪·阿明统治下的乌干达完成了 CED 的列表。
The CED lists the military–industrial complex beside named regimes. It is a structural cause, not a government: an economy organised around producing and trading arms sustains the demand it exists to meet. Treating intensification as only a matter of individual rulers misses that item.
**CED 把军工复合体与被点名的政权并列。**它是一种结构性原因,而不是一个政府:一个围绕生产与交易武器组织起来的经济,会维持它本为满足而存在的那种需求。把加剧冲突只当作个别统治者的问题,就漏掉了这一项。
The CED's category of violence against ____ is defined by its target and its political aim. · CED 针对____的暴力类别由其目标和政治目的定义。
The political aim distinguishes it from ordinary crime. · 政治目的将其与普通犯罪区分开来。
Violence against civilians
- Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.
- The CED names Shining Path and Al-Qaeda.
- The category is defined by the target — civilians — and by the aim — political change, which is what distinguishes it from ordinary crime.
针对平民的暴力
- 一些运动使用针对平民的暴力,以试图达成政治目的。
- CED 点名了光辉道路与基地组织。
- 这一范畴由目标——平民——以及目的——政治变革——所界定,而后者正是它区别于普通犯罪之处。
Select all · 所有 four reactions this subtopic covers. · 选择 所有 本子主题涵盖的四类反应。
Name the category before the example — that is what various asks for. · 在举例之前先说出类别——这正是 various（各种）所要求的。
"Various reactions" means sort them
- The objective is various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.
- Four reactions in this subtopic: opposing conflict, nonviolent political change, militarised intensification, and violence against civilians.
- An answer that names the category before the example is doing what the objective's word various asks for.
"各种反应"意味着给它们分类
- 这一目标是1900 年后对既有权力结构的各种反应。
- 本小节中有四种反应:反对冲突、非暴力的政治变革、军事化的加剧,以及针对平民的暴力。
- 先说出类别再给出例子的答案,正是在做这一目标中"各种"一词所要求的事。
Nonviolence is described by the CED as the practice of nonviolence — marches planned to a timetable, participants trained not to respond, publicity arranged in advance. It is a strategy with a theory of how a state loses legitimacy, which is why it belongs in a subtopic about reactions to power rather than in a subtopic about ethics.
CED 把非暴力描述为非暴力的实践——按时间表策划的游行、受过"不作回应"训练的参与者、事先安排好的宣传。它是一种带有"国家如何丧失正当性"之理论的策略,这正是它属于"对权力的反应"这一小节、而不属于伦理学小节的原因。
Many individuals, groups and states opposed the century's conflicts; some intensified them. Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mandela promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. Militaries and militarised states responded in ways that further intensified conflict — Pinochet's Chile, Franco's Spain, Amin's Uganda, and the military–industrial complex and weapons trading. Some movements used violence against civilians — Shining Path, Al-Qaeda.
许多个人、团体与国家反对这个世纪的冲突;也有一些加剧了冲突。 甘地、马丁·路德·金与曼德拉倡导以非暴力的实践来带来政治变革。 军队与军事化国家的回应进一步加剧了冲突——皮诺切特治下的智利、佛朗哥治下的西班牙、阿明治下的乌干达,以及军工复合体与武器贸易。一些运动使用针对平民的暴力——光辉道路、基地组织。