Total War Again · 再次总体战
The same category, a second time
- World War II was a total war. Governments again used political propaganda, art, media and intensified forms of nationalism to mobilise populations.
- And again both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies — the CED updates the phrase to include former colonies.
- So the comparison with 7.3 is built into the CED's own repeated wording.
同一个范畴,第二次
- 第二次世界大战是一场总体战。各国政府再次使用政治宣传、艺术、媒体与强化形式的民族主义来动员民众。
- 而且再一次是在本国以及殖民地或前殖民地——CED 更新了措辞,把前殖民地也包括进来。
- 因此与 7.3 的比较,已经内建在 CED 自己重复的措辞之中。
Select all · 所有 the things new in the CED's account of World War II mobilisation. · 选择CED关于二战动员叙述中新的所有内容。
Propaganda was already used in World War I — that is the similarity. · 宣传在一战中已被使用——这就是相似之处。
What is new: ideology as a tool
- Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism, to mobilise all of their state's resources for war.
- That is the difference from 1914: an ideology organises the whole society, not only its opinion of the enemy.
- And, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.
新的东西:作为工具的意识形态
- 各国政府使用包括法西斯主义与共产主义在内的意识形态,来动员本国的全部资源投入战争。
- 这就是与 1914 年的差别:一种意识形态组织的是整个社会,而不只是社会对敌人的看法。
- 而且,就极权国家而言,还用以压制基本自由,并在冲突期间及此后支配日常生活的许多方面。
Select all · 所有 the causes of increased casualties the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有伤亡增加的原因。
A weapon, a tactic and a doctrine — three different kinds of cause. · 一种武器、一种战术和一个教条——三种不同性质的原因。
Democracies and totalitarian states, compared
- The CED supplies both sides: Great Britain under Winston Churchill and the United States under Franklin Roosevelt; Germany under Adolf Hitler and the USSR under Joseph Stalin.
- All four mobilised propaganda, industry and manpower; only the second pair also repressed basic freedoms as part of the method.
- That is a similarity and a difference — which is exactly what the objective asks for.
民主国家与极权国家的比较
- CED 提供了双方:温斯顿·丘吉尔治下的英国与富兰克林·罗斯福治下的美国;阿道夫·希特勒治下的德国与约瑟夫·斯大林治下的苏联。
- 四者都动员了宣传、工业与人力;只有后一对还把压制基本自由作为方法的一部分。
- 这既是相似也是差异——而这恰恰就是这一目标所要求的。
Similarity, difference, or a cause of casualties? · 相似、不同，还是伤亡人数的原因？
Sort each method or effect. · 对每种方法或影响进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the leaders the CED names for mobilising Western democracies. · 选择CED提到的所有动员西方民主国家的领导人。
Hitler and Stalin are the CED's totalitarian examples. · 希特勒和斯大林是CED的极权主义示例。
"The waging of total war" is listed as a cause of casualties, not only as a description. The CED puts it beside the atomic bomb and fire-bombing — a doctrine that treats a society as a target produces casualties in the same way a weapon does.
**"总体战的实施"被列为伤亡的成因,而不只是一种描述。**CED 把它与原子弹和燃烧弹轰炸并列——一种把社会当作目标的学说,与一件武器以同样的方式造成伤亡。
The CED updates its mobilisation phrase to include colonies or ____ colonies. · CED更新了其动员短语以包括殖民地或____殖民地。
Which is a small change that records a large one. · 这是一个记录巨大变化的小改动。
Technology and tactics raised the toll
- New military technology and new tactics, including the atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of "total war", led to increased levels of wartime casualties.
- The CED lists a weapon, a tactic, and a doctrine — three different kinds of cause in one clause.
- The waging of total war is itself listed as a cause of casualties, because it made civilians part of the target.
技术与战术抬高了代价
- 新的军事技术与新的战术,包括原子弹、燃烧弹轰炸,以及"总体战"的实施,带来了更高的战时伤亡水平。
- CED 列出了一种武器、一种战术与一种学说——同一个分句里有三种不同类型的成因。
- "总体战"的实施本身被列为伤亡的成因,因为它使平民成为目标的一部分。
Match each element to its place in a comparison answer. · 将每个元素与其在比较答案中的位置匹配。
Both halves are in the CED's own sentence. · 两个部分都在CED的原句中。
Similarities and differences
- The objective is similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.
- Similarities: propaganda, art, media, nationalism, colonial mobilisation, industrial production — in every case.
- Differences: ideology as an organising principle, and repression of basic freedoms in totalitarian states.
相似与差异
- 这一目标是各国政府使用多种方法进行战争的异同。
- 相似:宣传、艺术、媒体、民族主义、殖民地动员、工业化生产——每一个案例都有。
- 差异:作为组织原则的意识形态,以及极权国家对基本自由的压制。
Four governments run poster campaigns, control the press and direct their factories. Two of them also make membership of a party the condition of a career and police what people may say at home. The first list is the similarity; the second is the difference, and both are in the CED's sentence.
四个政府都开展海报宣传、管控报刊、指挥自己的工厂。其中两个还把加入某个政党作为职业的前提,并管控人们在家中可以说什么。第一份清单是相似之处;第二份是差异,而两者都在 CED 的那句话里。
World War II was a total war, mobilised by propaganda, art, media and intensified nationalism in home countries and colonies or former colonies. New: ideologies including fascism and communism mobilised all of a state's resources, and totalitarian states repressed basic freedoms and dominated daily life. New technology and tactics — the atomic bomb, fire-bombing and the waging of total war — raised casualties.
第二次世界大战是一场总体战,通过宣传、艺术、媒体与强化的民族主义在本国以及殖民地或前殖民地加以动员。新的是:包括法西斯主义与共产主义在内的意识形态动员了国家的全部资源,而极权国家压制基本自由并支配日常生活。新的技术与战术——原子弹、燃烧弹轰炸,以及总体战的实施——抬高了伤亡。