Total War · 总体战
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| World War I was the first total war | 总体战 | zǒng tǐ zhàn |
| Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda | 宣传 | xuān chuán |
When a whole society becomes a weapon
- World War I was the first total war 总体战.
- Total war means a state directs the whole of its society and economy at the war, not only its army.
- So the home front becomes a military asset, and civilians become part of the war effort by policy.
当整个社会成为一件武器
- 第一次世界大战是第一场总体战(total war)。
- 总体战意味着一个国家把整个社会与经济都导向战争,而不只是它的军队。
- 因此后方成为一项军事资产,而平民依政策成为战争努力的一部分。
Select all · 所有 the mobilisation strategies the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有动员策略。
Intensified forms of nationalism complete the CED's list. · 强化形式的民族主义补全 CED 的清单。
Four named tools of mobilisation
- Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda 宣传, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilise populations.
- Three of the four are about persuasion; the fourth is the belief that makes persuasion land.
- Note that the CED lists art separately from media — posters, songs and film were policy instruments.
四种被点名的动员工具
- 各国政府使用多种策略,包括政治宣传(propaganda)、艺术、媒体,以及强化形式的民族主义,来动员民众。
- 四者中有三者关乎说服;第四者则是使说服得以奏效的那种信念。
- 注意 CED 把艺术与媒体分开列出——海报、歌曲与电影都是政策工具。
Total war mobilised populations in the colonies as well as at home. · 总体战既动员本国民众,也动员殖民地民众。
That clause sets up the anticolonial politics of unit 8. · 这个分句为第八单元的反殖民政治埋下了伏笔。
Colonies were mobilised too
- The CED writes that populations were mobilised both in the home countries and the colonies.
- Colonial soldiers, labourers and raw materials were drawn into a European war.
- That single clause explains much of unit 8: people who fought for an empire asked afterwards what they had earned.
殖民地同样被动员
- CED 写明,被动员的民众既在本国也在殖民地。
- 殖民地的士兵、劳工与原材料被卷入一场欧洲战争。
- 这一个分句解释了第八单元的许多内容:为一个帝国作战的人们,事后追问自己挣得了什么。
Follow technology to total war · 从技术走到总体战
Technology, then stalemate, then national mobilisation — the 'because' at each step is what is marked. · 技术,继而僵局,继而全国动员——每一步的"因为"才是得分点。
Total war means a state directs the whole of its ____ and economy at the war. · 总体战意味着一个国家把整个 ____ 与经济都导向战争。
Not only its army — the home front becomes a military asset. · 而不只是它的军队——后方成为一项军事资产。
Total war mobilised colonies as well as home countries. The CED says so in the same clause — colonial soldiers, labourers and materials were drawn into a European war, and that fact sets up the anticolonial politics of unit 8.
**总体战既动员本国,也动员殖民地。**CED 在同一个分句中就是这样写的——殖民地的士兵、劳工与物资被卷入一场欧洲战争,而这一事实为第八单元的反殖民政治埋下了伏笔。
The CED attributes increased wartime casualties to... · CED 把更高的战时伤亡归因于……
The industrial capacity of unit 5 is what made this war different from earlier ones. · 第五单元的工业产能,正是使这场战争不同于以往的原因。
Technology raised the casualties
- New military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties.
- The industrial capacity of unit 5 is what makes a total war possible and what makes it lethal.
- So the same factories that raised living standards for some produced the shells that made this war different from earlier ones.
技术提高了伤亡
- 新的军事技术带来了更高的战时伤亡水平。
- 第五单元的工业产能,既使总体战成为可能,也使它变得致命。
- 因此那些为一部分人提高了生活水平的工厂,也生产出了使这场战争不同于以往的炮弹。
Select all · 所有 the instruments an answer about methods can name. · 选出一道关于方法的答案可以点名的所有工具。
The objective is about methods, not campaigns. · 这一目标关乎方法,不关乎战役进程。
"How governments conducted war"
- The objective is about methods, so an answer names instruments rather than battles.
- Propaganda, art, media, intensified nationalism, colonial mobilisation, and industrial production of weapons.
- Six instruments, and each one can be evidenced from a poster, a law or a production figure.
"政府如何进行战争"
- 这一目标关乎方法,因此答案要点出工具,而不是战役。
- 宣传、艺术、媒体、强化的民族主义、殖民地动员,以及武器的工业化生产。
- 六种工具,而每一种都可以用一张海报、一部法律或一个产量数字来提供证据。
A ministry commissions posters, controls newspapers, and sets factory quotas; a colony supplies troops and raw material under the same authority. None of that is a battlefield decision, and all of it is how the war was conducted — which is exactly what the objective asks about.
一个部门订制海报、管控报纸、设定工厂配额;而一块殖民地在同一权威之下提供兵员与原材料。这些都不是战场上的决定,而这一切正是这场战争被进行的方式——这恰恰就是这一目标所问的。
World War I was the first total war. Governments used political propaganda, art, media and intensified nationalism to mobilise populations both in the home countries and the colonies. New military technology led to increased wartime casualties — the industrial capacity of unit 5 made total war both possible and lethal.
第一次世界大战是第一场总体战。各国政府使用政治宣传、艺术、媒体与强化的民族主义来动员本国与殖民地的民众。新的军事技术带来了更高的战时伤亡——第五单元的工业产能,既使总体战成为可能,也使它变得致命。