Weighing the Effects of Imperialism · 权衡帝国主义的影响
"Relative significance" means rank them
- Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.
- Relative means the answer must compare effects and say which mattered more.
- So a list of consequences is not an answer — the ranking, with a reason, is.
"相对重要性"意味着给它们排序
- 解释 1750 至 1900 年间帝国主义各项影响的相对重要性。
- "相对"意味着答案必须比较各项影响,并说出哪一项更要紧。
- 因此一份后果清单不是答案——带有理由的排序才是。
"Relative significance" requires you to... · "相对重要性"要求你……
The ranking, with a reason, is the answer. · 带理由的排名就是答案。
Four review statements to draw on
- Industrial capitalism raised standards of living for some and increased goods' availability, affordability and variety.
- As states industrialised, they expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships.
- Revolution and rebellion produced new nation-states, and migration patterns changed dramatically, with the numbers of migrants increasing significantly.
可供取用的四条复习陈述
- 工业资本主义为一部分人提高了生活水平,并提高了商品的可获得性、可负担性与多样性。
- 随着国家工业化,它们扩张既有的海外帝国,并建立新的殖民地与跨洋关系。
- 革命与反抗催生了新的民族国家,而且迁移格局发生剧变,移民人数显著增加。
Select all · 所有 the defensible criteria this lesson gives. · 选择本课给出的所有可辩护的标准。
State the criterion in your first sentence. · 在第一句中陈述你的标准。
Choosing a criterion first
- You cannot rank effects without saying significant for whom, and by what measure.
- Number of people affected, durability, or reversibility are three defensible criteria.
- State the criterion in your first sentence, and the ranking becomes an argument rather than an opinion.
先选定一个标准
- 在没有说明对谁重要、以什么尺度衡量之前,你无法给影响排序。
- 受影响的人数、持久性,或可逆性,是三个站得住的标准。
- 在第一句话里说出标准,排序就从一种意见变成了一个论证。
Criterion, effect, or a counter-case? · 标准、影响还是反例？
Sort each element of a relative-significance answer. · 对相对重要性答案的每个元素进行分类。
Imperialism's effects were confined to territories that were colonised. · 帝国主义的影响仅限于被殖民的领土。
Economic imperialism reshaped economies with their own governments; migration reshaped villages nobody conquered. · 经济帝国主义重塑了拥有自己政府的经济体；移民重塑了未被征服的村庄。
A list of effects does not answer "relative significance". The objective asks you to weigh them, and weighing requires a criterion — significant for whom, and by what measure. Without one in your first sentence, the ranking is an opinion the reader cannot check.
**一份影响清单回答不了"相对重要性"。**这一目标要求你去权衡它们,而权衡需要一个标准——对谁重要、以什么尺度衡量。若第一句话里没有它,这个排序就是一种读者无法核查的意见。
Select all · 所有 the unit's review statements available as evidence. · 选择可作为证据的单元复习陈述所有可用项。
The Columbian Exchange belongs to unit 4; revolution and new nation-states complete unit 5-6's four. · 哥伦布大交换属于单元4；革命和新民族国家完成了单元5-6的四个部分。
Effects reached beyond colonies
- The unit has supplied effects inside empires, inside the industrial core, and in states that were never colonised.
- Economic imperialism reshaped economies with their own governments; migration reshaped villages nobody conquered.
- A ranking that only weighs colonial administration has left out most of the evidence the unit assembled.
影响超出了殖民地
- 本单元提供的影响,既发生在帝国内部、也发生在工业核心内部,还发生在从未被殖民的国家之中。
- 经济帝国主义重塑了拥有自己政府的经济体;迁移重塑了无人征服过的村庄。
- 只权衡殖民行政的排序,漏掉了本单元所汇集之证据的大部分。
Put the significance routine in order. · 将重要性常规步骤按顺序排列。
The last step is the sophistication move in a history essay. · 最后一步是历史论文中的精致化环节。
A significance routine
- Name your criterion in one sentence. Name three candidate effects.
- Rank them, giving one piece of evidence for each place in the ranking.
- Close by conceding the strongest case for a different ranking — which is the sophistication move in a history essay.
重要性流程
- 用一句话说出你的标准。点出三项候选影响。
- 给它们排序,并为排序中的每一位各给出一处证据。
- 以承认支持另一种排序的最有力理由作结——这是历史论文中的深化动作。
Criterion: number of people whose daily work changed. On that measure, the reorganisation of economies around export commodities outranks colonial administration, because it reached farmers in states that were never colonised. The strongest case against: administrative borders lasted longer than any single commodity boom.
标准:日常劳作发生改变的人数。以此衡量,围绕出口商品对经济的重组,其位次高于殖民行政,因为它触及了从未被殖民之国家中的农民。反对这一排序的最有力理由是:行政边界比任何一次单一商品的繁荣都持续得更久。
Relative significance means ranking effects with a criterion — significant for whom, by what measure. Draw on the unit's four review statements: living standards for some, empires expanded as states industrialised, revolution produced new nation-states, and migration patterns changed dramatically. Effects reached beyond colonies, into economies and villages nobody governed.
相对重要性意味着用一个标准给影响排序——对谁重要、以什么尺度衡量。取用本单元的四条复习陈述:为一部分人提高的生活水平、随工业化而扩张的帝国、革命催生的新民族国家,以及剧变的迁移格局。影响超出了殖民地,进入了无人统治的经济体与村庄。