States That Industrialised on Purpose · 有目的实现工业化的国家
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialisation and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era | 明治时代 | míng zhì shí dài |
Industrialisation as policy
- As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialisation.
- State-sponsored means the initiative came from a government, not from private manufacturers.
- A small number is the CED's own limit — this was the exception, not the pattern.
作为政策的工业化
- 随着工业革命影响力的扩大,少数国家与政府推行了各自由国家主导的工业化构想。
- "由国家主导"意味着倡议来自政府,而不是来自私人制造商。
- "少数"是 CED 自己设下的限度——这是例外,而不是常态。
The CED says state-sponsored industrialisation was promoted by... · CED指出国家赞助的工业化是由……促进的
It was the exception, not the pattern. · 这是例外，而非普遍模式。
Egypt under Muhammad Ali
- The CED's named example is Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt.
- A ruler decides his state will manufacture rather than only supply raw cotton, and directs land, labour and capital accordingly.
- That is a state doing what the seven factors of 5.3 did on their own elsewhere.
穆罕默德·阿里治下的埃及
- CED 点名的例子是穆罕默德·阿里在埃及发展棉纺织工业。
- 一位统治者决定他的国家应当从事制造,而不只是供应原棉,并据此调配土地、劳动力与资本。
- 这是由国家去做别处那七项因素自行完成的事。
Put the CED's Japanese causal chain in order. · 将CED的日本因果链排序。
Pressure, reform, industry, power — the CED writes it in that order. · 压力、改革、工业、力量——CED按此顺序书写。
Japan: pressure produced reform
- The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialisation and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era 明治时代.
- The CED's causal chain is explicit: outside pressure → internal reform → industrialisation → regional power.
- So Japanese industrialisation is presented as a response, and the response was chosen deliberately.
日本:压力催生改革
- 美国与欧洲在亚洲影响力的扩张,促成了日本的内部改革,该改革支持了工业化,并在明治时代(Meiji Era)使日本成为不断增长的区域强权。
- CED 的因果链写得很明确:外部压力→内部改革→工业化→区域强权。
- 因此日本的工业化被呈现为一种回应,而这一回应是被刻意选择的。
Cause, method, or effect? · 原因、方法还是结果？
Sort each element of state-sponsored industrialisation. · 对国家赞助的工业化各要素进行排序。
Muhammad Ali developed a ____ textile industry in Egypt. · 穆罕默德·阿里在埃及发展了一个____纺织工业。
Capturing the value added by processing rather than exporting the raw material. · 通过加工而非出口原材料来捕获增值。
State-sponsored industrialisation was the exception. The CED says a small number of states and governments promoted it — so an answer treating deliberate state industrial policy as the normal path has inverted the CED's own qualifier.
**由国家主导的工业化是例外。**CED 说的是"少数国家与政府"推行了它——因此把刻意的国家工业政策当作常规路径的答案,把 CED 自己的限定语弄反了。
Japanese industrialisation is presented by the CED as a response to outside pressure. · CED将日本工业化呈现为对外部压力的回应。
And the response was chosen deliberately, through internal reform. · 这种回应是通过内部改革刻意选择的。
Two models, one goal
- Egypt and Japan both wanted to industrialise without waiting for private capital to do it.
- Both faced the same problem — an outside industrial power whose goods were cheaper — and both answered with state direction.
- Their different outcomes make them the unit's most useful comparison pair.
两种模式,一个目标
- 埃及与日本都想实现工业化,而不愿等待私人资本去完成它。
- 两者面对同一个问题——一个外部工业强国,其商品更便宜——而两者都以国家主导作答。
- 它们不同的结果,使之成为本单元最有用的一对比较对象。
Egypt and Japan both used state direction because they wanted to industrialise... · 埃及和日本都使用国家指导，因为它们想要工业化……
Both faced an outside industrial power whose goods were cheaper. · 两者都面临来自外部工业强国的廉价商品冲击。
Causes and effects of economic strategy
- The objective is the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.
- Cause: an outside industrial power creating pressure a state cannot meet with existing industries.
- Effect: a state-directed industry, and — where it worked — regional power.
经济战略的原因与结果
- 这一目标是不同国家与帝国经济战略的原因与结果。
- 原因:一个外部工业强国造成了国家凭既有产业无法应对的压力。
- 结果:一个由国家主导的产业,以及——在成功之处——区域性的强权地位。
Egypt already grew excellent cotton and sold it abroad as a raw material. Muhammad Ali's decision was to keep the processing at home — to capture the value added by spinning and weaving rather than exporting it. That is the whole logic of state-sponsored industrialisation in one commodity.
埃及本已种出优质棉花,并作为原材料销往海外。穆罕默德·阿里的决定,是把加工留在本国——把纺纱与织布所增添的价值留住,而不是把它出口出去。这就是国家主导工业化的全部逻辑,浓缩在一种商品上。
A small number of states promoted state-sponsored visions of industrialisation — the CED's example is Muhammad Ali's cotton textile industry in Egypt. U.S. and European expansion in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialisation and growing regional power in the Meiji Era: pressure → reform → industry → power.
少数国家推行了由国家主导的工业化构想——CED 的例子是穆罕默德·阿里在埃及的棉纺织工业。美欧在亚洲的扩张促成了日本的内部改革,该改革支持了工业化,并在明治时代带来不断增长的区域强权地位:压力→改革→工业→强权。