Why Industry Began Where It Did · 工业为何始于其地
A list of preconditions, not a single cause
- A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution.
- The CED's seven: proximity to waterways; the geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber; urbanisation; improved agricultural productivity; legal protection of private property; access to foreign resources; and the accumulation of capital.
- A variety is the point — no single one of these explains industrialisation on its own.
一份前提条件清单,而不是单一原因
- 多种因素促成了工业生产的增长,并最终导致了工业革命。
- CED 列出七项:临近水道;煤、铁与木材的地理分布;城市化;农业生产率的提高;私有财产的法律保护;获取外部资源的渠道;以及资本的积累。
- "多种"就是要点——其中没有任何一项能单独解释工业化。
Select all · 所有 the CED's industrialisation factors. · 选出 CED 所列所有工业化因素。
Coal/iron/timber distribution, urbanisation, foreign resources and capital complete the seven. · 煤铁木材的分布、城市化、外部资源与资本补全这七项。
Geography and energy
- Waterways move heavy goods cheaply; coal, iron and timber are what an early industry consumes and builds with.
- Where these sit close together, the cost of moving them nearly disappears.
- So the CED's first two factors are really one argument: industry starts where its inputs are already next to each other.
地理与能源
- 水道以低廉成本运送重货;煤、铁与木材则是早期工业所消耗与用以建造的东西。
- 当它们彼此相邻时,搬运它们的成本几乎消失。
- 因此 CED 的前两项因素其实是同一个论证:工业起始于其投入品本已彼此相邻之处。
Improved agricultural productivity mattered because it... · 农业生产率的提高之所以重要,是因为它……
A factory needs workers who are no longer needed in a field. · 工厂需要那些田里不再需要的工人。
Farming had to improve first
- Improved agricultural productivity and urbanisation are linked: fewer farmers feeding more people is what frees labour for cities.
- A factory needs workers who are not needed in a field, and that only happens after yields rise.
- This is the same Champa-rice logic from unit 1, arriving at a different destination.
农业必须先改进
- 农业生产率的提高与城市化是相连的:更少的农民养活更多的人,才把劳动力从土地上释放出来。
- 工厂需要那些田里不再需要的工人,而这只有在产量提高之后才会发生。
- 这与第一单元占城稻的逻辑相同,只是抵达了另一个终点。
Assemble the conditions for industry · 把工业化的条件拼齐
The CED names a variety of factors, and no single one is sufficient. · CED 点名了多种因素,其中没有哪一个单独就够。
Select all · 所有 the changes the factory system brought, per the CED. · 按 CED 所说,选出工厂制度带来的所有变化。
Two changes: where work happens and how finely divided it is. · 两项变化:工作在哪里发生,以及它被分得多细。
No single factor explains industrialisation. The CED lists seven and calls them a variety of factors — coal alone, or capital alone, explains nothing, since many regions had one without the others. An answer that names one cause has answered a different question.
**没有任何单一因素能解释工业化。**CED 列出七项,并称之为"多种因素"——单有煤、或单有资本,什么也解释不了,因为许多地区有其一而无其余。只点出一个原因的答案,回答的是另一个问题。
One factor, such as coal, is enough to explain industrialisation. · 单一因素,例如煤,足以解释工业化。
The CED's phrase is a variety of factors; many regions had one without the others. · CED 的措辞是多种因素;许多地区有其一而无其余。
Law and capital
- Legal protection of private property makes long investments safe enough to make.
- Accumulation of capital supplies the money, and access to foreign resources supplies raw materials the home country lacks.
- The last of these connects unit 5 to unit 4: the Atlantic system is where much of that capital and those resources came from.
法律与资本
- 私有财产的法律保护使长期投资安全到值得进行。
- 资本的积累提供资金,而获取外部资源的渠道提供本国所缺的原材料。
- 最后这一项把第五单元连回第四单元:那些资本与资源,很大一部分正来自大西洋体系。
"Access to foreign resources" links unit 5 back to the ____ system of unit 4. · "获取外部资源的渠道"把第五单元连回第四单元的 ____ 体系。
Much of the capital and raw material came from there. · 大部分资本与原材料都来自那里。
The factory concentrated everything
- The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialisation of labour.
- Two changes in one sentence: where work happens, and how finely divided it is.
- Specialisation raises output per worker and lowers the skill each task requires — which 5.9 will read as a social consequence.
工厂把一切集中起来
- 工厂制度的发展,把生产集中到单一地点,并带来了劳动分工程度的不断提高。
- 一句话里有两项变化:工作在哪里发生,以及它被分得多细。
- 分工提高了每个工人的产出,也降低了每项任务所需的技能——而 5.9 会把这一点读作一种社会后果。
Coal and iron close to navigable water, in a country whose farms already fed its towns, whose law made an investment recoverable, and whose overseas trade supplied both cotton and profits. Remove any one and the sequence stalls — which is why the CED's word is variety and not cause.
煤与铁临近可通航的水道,而这个国家的农场已经能养活它的城镇、它的法律使投资可以收回、它的海外贸易同时提供棉花与利润。抽掉其中任何一项,这一序列就会停下——这正是 CED 用"多种"而不用"原因"的道理。
A variety of factors produced industrialisation: waterways; coal, iron and timber; urbanisation; improved agricultural productivity; legal protection of private property; access to foreign resources; accumulation of capital. The factory system concentrated production in a single location and increased specialisation of labour.
多种因素共同造就了工业化:水道;煤、铁与木材;城市化;农业生产率的提高;私有财产的法律保护;获取外部资源的渠道;资本的积累。 工厂制度把生产集中到单一地点,并提高了劳动分工程度。