Silver, Companies and the Atlantic System · 白银、公司与大西洋体系
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Mercantilist/ˈmɜːkæntɪlɪst/ | 重商主义 | zhòng shāng zhǔ yì |
| Joint-stock companies/dʒɔɪnt stɒk ˈkʌmpəniz/ | 股份公司 | gǔ fèn gōng sī |
| involved the mixing of African, American and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis | 文化融合 | wén huà róng hé |
Mercantilism and the joint-stock company
- Mercantilist 重商主义 policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories.
- Joint-stock companies 股份公司, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.
- A joint-stock company spreads a voyage's risk across many investors — which is what makes a losing voyage survivable.
重商主义与股份公司
- 重商主义(mercantilist)的政策与做法被欧洲统治者用来扩张和控制自身经济、并主张海外领土。
- 股份公司(joint-stock companies)受这些重商主义原则影响,被统治者与商人用来资助探险,并被统治者用来在全球贸易中相互竞争。
- 股份公司把一次航行的风险分摊给众多投资者——这正是一次亏本航行得以承受的原因。
A joint-stock company mattered because it... · 股份公司之所以重要，是因为它……
Which is what makes a losing voyage survivable. · 这正是使亏损航行得以存续的原因。
Silver made the world one market
- The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas.
- That silver was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver.
- So American mines, European companies and Chinese tax policy are one circuit — this is the clearest single case of a global economy in the period.
白银使世界成为一个市场
- 新的全球商品流通,由获特许的欧洲垄断公司以及白银的全球流动所促成,白银尤其来自西班牙在美洲的殖民地。
- 这些白银被用来购买供应大西洋市场的亚洲商品,并满足中国对白银的需求。
- 因此美洲的矿山、欧洲的公司与中国的税制是同一个回路——这是这一时期全球经济最清晰的单一例证。
Put the silver circuit in order. · 将白银循环排序。
Four continents, one circuit — and no single state designed it. · 四大洲，一个循环——没有单一国家设计它。
Regional markets kept working
- Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.
- The CED puts established practices and new services in the same sentence — continuity and change together.
- Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states: Muslim–European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Morocco against Songhai.
区域市场照常运转
- 欧亚非的区域市场借助既有的商业惯例,以及欧洲商人所开辟的新跨洋与区域航运服务,继续繁荣。
- CED 把既有惯例与新服务放进同一句话——延续与变化同时发生。
- 经济争端导致国家之间的对立与冲突:印度洋上的穆斯林-欧洲对立、摩洛哥对桑海。
Which part of the global circuit is this? · 这属于全球循环的哪一部分？
Sort each item by where it sits in the period's economy. · 根据各项物品在该时期经济中的位置对其进行排序。
Regional Afro-Eurasian markets collapsed under the new global circulation. · 区域非欧亚市场在新全球流通下崩溃。
They continued to flourish, using established practices and new shipping services. · 它们继续繁荣，利用既有惯例和新的航运服务。
Silver is not simply loot. The CED describes it circulating: mined in Spanish America, spent on Asian goods for Atlantic markets, and absorbed by Chinese demand for silver. An answer that stops at extraction has described one leg of a circuit and called it the economy.
白银并不只是掠夺物。CED 描述的是它在流通:在西属美洲开采、用于购买供应大西洋市场的亚洲商品,并被中国对白银的需求所吸收。止步于开采的答案,只描述了这个回路的一段,却把它当成了整个经济。
The CED says all parties contributed to the Atlantic system's cultural ____. · CED称各方共同促成了大西洋体系文化____的形成。
Which is what makes it a synthesis rather than an imposition. · 这正是使其成为融合而非强加的原因。
The Atlantic system moved people
- The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth and labour, including enslaved persons.
- It also involved the mixing of African, American and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis 文化融合.
- All parties contributing is the CED's own phrase, and it is what makes this a synthesis rather than an imposition.
大西洋体系移动的是人
- 大西洋贸易体系涉及货物、财富与劳动力的移动,包括被奴役者。
- 它还涉及非洲、美洲与欧洲文化与人群的混合,各方都对这一文化融合(cultural synthesis)有所贡献。
- "各方都有所贡献"是 CED 自己的措辞,正是它使这成为一种融合,而不是一种强加。
Select all · 所有 the regions the CED names for intensified peasant and artisan labour. · 选中CED指出的农民和手工业劳动强度增加的所有地区。
Andean silver is mining under the mit'a, in subtopic 4.4. · 安第斯白银是通过米塔制采矿获得，见子主题4.4。
Labour intensified, and families changed
- Peasant and artisan labour continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased — western European wool and linen, Indian cotton, Chinese silk.
- Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.
- So the global economy's effects reach into households, not only ports — which is what the objective's word society means.
劳动强化,家庭改变
- 随着对食物与消费品需求的增加,许多地区的农民与手工业者劳动得以延续并强化——西欧的羊毛与亚麻、印度的棉布、中国的丝绸。
- 出现了一些显著的性别与家庭结构重组,包括因奴隶贸易而在非洲发生的人口变化。
- 因此全球经济的影响深入到家户之中,而不只是港口——这正是这一目标中"社会"一词的含义。
Silver leaves a Peruvian mine, crosses to Europe or straight across the Pacific to Manila, buys Chinese silk and porcelain, and ends in a Chinese treasury because taxes must be paid in silver. The silk sells in Amsterdam. Four continents, one circuit — and no single state designed it.
白银离开秘鲁的一座矿山,越洋抵达欧洲、或径直穿越太平洋到马尼拉,买下中国的丝绸与瓷器,最终因赋税须以白银缴纳而进入中国的国库。那些丝绸在阿姆斯特丹售出。四个大洲,一个回路——而没有任何一个国家设计了它。
Mercantilist policies and joint-stock companies financed exploration and let rulers compete. Chartered monopoly companies and the global flow of silver — Spanish American silver buying Asian goods and meeting Chinese demand — carried global circulation, while regional markets continued to flourish. The Atlantic system moved goods, wealth and enslaved labour, and produced a cultural synthesis all parties contributed to.
重商主义政策与股份公司资助了探险,并让统治者得以竞争。获特许的垄断公司与白银的全球流动——西属美洲的白银购买亚洲商品并满足中国的需求——支撑起全球流通,而区域市场继续繁荣。大西洋体系移动货物、财富与被奴役的劳动力,并产生了一种各方都有所贡献的文化融合。