States Paid for the Voyages · 国家资助航行
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| trading-post empire/ˈtreɪdɪŋ pəʊst ˈempaɪə/ | 商站帝国 | shāng zhàn dì guó |
Exploration was a state project
- New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.
- State-supported is the load-bearing phrase — the CED's whole objective is the role of states.
- Voyages were too expensive and too uncertain for a merchant to fund alone, so a crown carried the risk.
探险是一项国家工程
- 这一时期出现了新的由国家支持的跨洋海上探险。
- "由国家支持"是承重的措辞——CED 的整个目标就是国家的角色。
- 航行的花费太高、结果太不确定,商人无法独力资助,因此由王室承担风险。
A trading-post empire controls... · 贸易站帝国控制……
It is the Srivijaya model at oceanic scale. · 这是斯里维贾亚模式在海洋尺度上的体现。
Portugal: a trading-post empire
- Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.
- A trading-post empire 商站帝国 controls harbours and choke points, not territory.
- It is the Srivijaya model from unit 1, executed at oceanic scale by a European crown.
葡萄牙:一个商站帝国
- 葡萄牙在海上技术与航海技能上的发展,带来了与非洲和亚洲之间旅行与贸易的增加,并造就了一个全球性的商站帝国。
- 商站帝国(trading-post empire)控制的是港口与咽喉要道,而不是领土。
- 这就是第一单元中室利佛逝的模式,由一个欧洲王室在大洋规模上实行。
English, French and Dutch northern crossings were undertaken mainly to... · 英、法、荷三国的北方穿越主要是为了……
What they found instead reshaped their economies — an unintended consequence. · 他们实际发现的事物重塑了经济——这是一种非预期后果。
Spain: the Atlantic and the Pacific
- Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
- The CED's effect word is interest — success in one direction pulled every other crown after it.
- Note and Pacific: Spanish routes ran to Manila as well as to the Americas.
西班牙:大西洋与太平洋
- 西班牙对哥伦布航行及其后跨越大西洋与太平洋诸次航行的资助,极大地提高了欧洲对跨洋旅行与贸易的兴趣。
- CED 用的效果词是兴趣——一个方向上的成功,把其他每一个王室都拉了过来。
- 注意"与太平洋":西班牙的航线不仅通往美洲,也通往马尼拉。
Which sponsor, and what were they after? · 谁是赞助者？他们的目标是什么？
Sort each voyage programme by its stated goal. · 根据既定目标对每项航行计划进行排序。
The CED's phrase for the exploration of this period is ____-supported. · CED对该时期探索的表述是____支持的。
Voyages were too expensive and uncertain for a merchant to fund alone. · 航行过于昂贵且充满不确定性，商人无法独自承担费用。
A trading-post empire is not a territorial empire. Portugal controlled harbours, forts and choke points along a route — it did not govern the interiors behind them. Treating it like Spanish territorial rule in the Americas confuses two different imperial forms the CED keeps separate.
**商站帝国不是领土帝国。**葡萄牙控制的是沿航线的港口、要塞与咽喉要道——它并不统治其背后的内陆。把它当作西班牙在美洲的领土统治,混淆了 CED 刻意分开的两种帝国形态。
Spanish transoceanic voyages crossed the Pacific as well as the Atlantic. · 西班牙的跨洋航行横跨太平洋及大西洋。
The CED writes "across the Atlantic and Pacific"; Spanish routes ran to Manila. · CED写作“横跨大西洋与太平洋”；西班牙航线通向马尼拉。
The northern crossings had a different goal
- Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.
- So England, France and the Netherlands were not initially after American territory — they were after a shortcut.
- What they found instead reshaped their economies, which is a nice case of an unintended consequence with named sponsors.
北方的横渡有着不同的目标
- 北大西洋的横渡由英格兰、法国与荷兰资助,其目标往往是寻找通往亚洲的替代航线。
- 因此英、法、荷起初并不是冲着美洲领土去的——他们要的是一条捷径。
- 他们实际找到的东西重塑了各自的经济,这是一个有名有姓之资助者的非预期后果的好例子。
Select all · 所有 the economic effects of exploration named in this lesson. · 选中本课中CED提到的探索的所有经济影响。
The compass was borrowed long before, in subtopic 4.1. · 罗盘早在子主题4.1中就被借鉴使用了。
Causes and effects, economically
- The second objective asks for the economic causes and effects of exploration by various European states.
- Causes: access to Asian goods without intermediaries, and rivalry with other crowns.
- Effects: trading-post empires, a surge of imitation, and the Atlantic system that 4.5 will describe.
从经济角度看原因与结果
- 第二个目标要求说明各欧洲国家探险的经济原因与结果。
- 原因:绕开中间商获取亚洲商品,以及与其他王室的竞争。
- 结果:商站帝国、一波模仿浪潮,以及 4.5 将要描述的大西洋体系。
The English, French and Dutch cross the northern Atlantic looking for a route to Asia and do not find one. The fisheries, furs and eventually the colonies they do find are not what the sponsors paid for — which is why an answer about "why states funded exploration" must give the stated economic goal, not the outcome.
英、法、荷横渡北大西洋去找一条通往亚洲的航路,却没有找到。他们实际找到的渔场、皮毛,乃至最终的殖民地,并不是资助者出钱要买的东西——这正是为什么一道"国家为何资助探险"的答案,必须给出当时所声明的经济目标,而不是结果。
New state-supported transoceanic exploration occurred in this period. Portugal built a trading-post empire in Africa and Asia; Spain's sponsorship of Columbus and later Atlantic and Pacific voyages dramatically increased European interest; English, French and Dutch northern crossings sought alternative routes to Asia.
这一时期出现了新的由国家支持的跨洋探险。 葡萄牙在非洲与亚洲建起商站帝国;西班牙对哥伦布及其后大西洋与太平洋航行的资助,极大提高了欧洲的兴趣;英、法、荷的北方横渡寻求的是通往亚洲的替代航线。