Europe: Fragmented and Agricultural · 欧洲：分散且农业化
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Europe was politically fragmented and characterised by decentralised monarchies, feudalism | 封建制 | fēng jiàn zhì |
| and the manorial system/ænd ðə mæˈnɔːrɪəl ˈsɪstəm/ | 庄园制 | zhuāng yuán zhì |
| Decentralised/dɪˈsentrəlaɪzd/ | 分权的 | fēn quán de |
| Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labour, including serfdom | 农奴制 | nóng nú zhì |
Three faiths again, a different mix
- Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions, continued to shape societies in Europe.
- The CED gives Europe the same sentence it gave Africa and Asia, with Christianity first.
- So Europe in this period is one region among several, described in identical terms — that framing is deliberate.
又是三种信仰,不同的配比
- 基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教及其核心信仰与实践,继续塑造着欧洲社会。
- CED 给欧洲的,是与非洲和亚洲相同的那句话,只是把基督教放在最前。
- 因此这一时期的欧洲,只是若干地区之一,用完全相同的措辞来描述——这一框架是有意为之的。
Select all · 所有 the features the CED gives fragmented Europe. · 选择所有CED给出的分散型欧洲的特征。
The imperial bureaucracy belongs to Song China. · 帝国官僚体系属于宋朝。
Politically fragmented
- Europe was politically fragmented and characterised by decentralised monarchies, feudalism 封建制 and the manorial system 庄园制.
- Decentralised 分权的 means a king's authority passed through lords who held their own land and men.
- Compare this with the Song bureaucracy: officials appointed and paid by the centre, removable by the centre.
政治上的分裂
- 封建制度(feudalism)与庄园制(manorial system)。
- 分权的(decentralised)意味着国王的权威要经由拥有自己土地与部属的领主传递。
- 把这与宋代的官僚体系相比:官员由中央任命、由中央支薪,也可由中央罢免。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of labour the CED says Europe depended on. · 选择所有CED指出欧洲所依赖的劳动类型。
Both free and coerced existed at once, in the same villages. · 自由劳动和强迫劳动同时存在，甚至在同一个村庄内。
An agricultural society
- Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labour, including serfdom 农奴制.
- The CED pairs free and coerced deliberately: both existed at once, in the same villages.
- A serf was bound to the land rather than owned as property — a legal status, not slavery.
一个农业社会
- 农奴制(serfdom)。
- CED 有意把自由与强制并列:两者同时存在于同一批村庄之中。
- 农奴是被束缚于土地,而不是作为财产被拥有——这是一种法律身份,不是奴隶制。
Centralised or decentralised — and on what basis? · 集权还是分权——以及基于什么？
Sort each feature by the system it belongs to. · 根据所属制度对每个特征进行排序。
A serf was owned as property, like a slave. · 农奴被视为财产，如同奴隶。
A serf was legally bound to the land — a legal status, not ownership of a person. · 农奴在法律上依附于土地——这是一种法律地位，而非对人的所有权。
Serfdom is not slavery. The CED writes free and coerced labour, including serfdom — a serf was legally bound to the land, owed labour and dues, and could not simply leave, but was not owned as property. Collapsing the two loses a distinction the exam uses.
农奴制不是奴隶制。CED 写的是自由劳动与强制劳动,包括农奴制——农奴在法律上被束缚于土地,负有劳役与租税,不能随意离开,但并非作为财产被拥有。把两者混同,就丢掉了考试会用到的一处区分。
Decentralisation followed from the fact that a monarch... · 分权源于这样一个事实：君主……
The same estate supplied a lord's income, his soldiers and his jurisdiction. · 同一个等级提供了领主的收入、士兵和司法权。
Land and power were the same thing
- Under feudalism and the manorial system, the same estate supplied a lord's income, his soldiers and his jurisdiction.
- So decentralisation was not weakness of will but a consequence of how revenue worked.
- A monarch with no salaried officials has to rule through people who already have land.
土地与权力是同一件事
- 在封建制与庄园制之下,同一片领地同时提供领主的收入、他的兵员与他的司法管辖。
- 因此分权不是意志薄弱,而是收入运作方式的结果。
- 一位没有领薪官员的君主,只能通过那些已经拥有土地的人来统治。
Song China and Europe make the sharpest pair because both had to govern ____ at a distance. · 宋朝和欧洲形成最鲜明的一对，因为它们都必须____在远距离治理。
Same problem — collecting a surplus and keeping order — two different solutions. · 同样的问题——征收剩余产品和维持秩序——两种不同的解决方案。
Europe is the comparison's other end
- Unit 1 ends by comparing state formation, and Europe supplies the decentralised end of that spectrum.
- Song China and Europe make the sharpest pair: salaried officials against landed lords, both governing farmers.
- The comparison works because the problem is the same — collecting a surplus and keeping order at a distance.
欧洲是比较的另一端
- 第一单元以比较建国过程作结,而欧洲提供了这一光谱上分权的那一端。
- 宋代中国与欧洲构成最鲜明的一对:领薪官员对阵领地贵族,而两者管的都是农民。
- 这一比较之所以成立,是因为问题相同——征取余粮,并在远处维持秩序。
A Song magistrate is appointed by the centre, paid by the centre, and can be moved to another province next year. A European lord holds his land, his soldiers and his court because they are the same estate. Both collect from farmers; only one can be replaced by a letter.
一位宋代的地方官由中央任命、由中央支薪,明年就可能被调往另一路。一位欧洲领主之所以握有土地、兵员与法庭,是因为它们本就是同一片领地。两者都向农民征取;而只有其中一个可以被一纸调令替换。
Christianity, Judaism and Islam continued to shape European societies. Europe was politically fragmented, with decentralised monarchies, feudalism and the manorial system, and was largely agricultural, dependent on free and coerced labour including serfdom — a legal binding to land, not slavery.
基督教、犹太教与伊斯兰教继续塑造着欧洲社会。欧洲在政治上是分裂的,具有分权的君主制、封建制与庄园制,并且主要是农业社会,依赖自由与强制劳动,包括农奴制——那是一种对土地的法律束缚,不是奴隶制。