Identity After 1980 · 1980年后的身份认同
The three threads, measured
- A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.
- Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes.
- The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world.
被测量的三条线索
- 一场新近崛起的保守主义运动在 1980 年代实现了若干政治与政策目标,并在此后数十年中继续强烈影响公共话语。
- 进入 21 世纪,这个国家经历了重大的技术、经济与人口变化。
- 冷战的结束以及对美国领导地位的新挑战,迫使这个国家重新定义其外交政策与在世界上的角色。
The method for this objective is the same as in... · 达成此目标的方法与……相同。
Rank against a stated criterion. · 根据既定标准进行排名。
Politics: a shifted centre, an unmoved boundary
- Change: tax cuts, continued deregulation, and conservative beliefs about traditional social values and a reduced role for government advancing in politics.
- Continuity: efforts to shrink government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programmes remained popular with voters.
- So the argument 3.9 opened about the federal boundary is still open, with the centre of gravity moved.
政治:重心移动,界限未动
- 变化:减税、持续的放松管制,以及关于传统社会价值观与政府作用之缩减的保守主义信念在政治中的推进。
- 延续:缩小政府的努力遇到了惯性与自由派的反对,因为许多项目在选民中仍然受欢迎。
- 因此 3.9 所打开的那场关于联邦界限的争论仍然未决,只是重心发生了移动。
Match each criterion to what it favours. · 将每个标准与其偏好的对象匹配。
Say which criterion you chose. · 说明你选择了哪个标准。
Economy: transformed, and unequally
- Change: digital technology transformed daily life, employment moved to services, and participation went worldwide.
- Continuity: growing economic inequality, which 6.7 recorded in the Gilded Age and 8.9 named as persistent poverty.
- The difference from 6.7 is that real wages stagnated rather than rose — inequality with fewer gains to offset it.
经济:被转型,而且不平等
- 变化:数字技术改变了日常生活、就业转向服务业,而参与走向全球。
- 延续:不断加剧的经济不平等,6.7 曾在镀金时代记录它,而 8.9 把它称为持续存在的贫困。
- 与 6.7 的差别在于实际工资陷入停滞而不是上升——不平等,而抵消它的所得更少。
Politics, economy, or role in the world? · 政治、经济，还是世界角色？
Sort each change after 1980. · 对1980年后的每一项变化进行排序。
The federal-boundary argument stayed open because... · 联邦边界争议之所以持续存在，是因为……
The centre of gravity moved; the argument did not close. · 重心发生了转移；但争议并未关闭。
Rank against a stated criterion — the same method as 5.12, 7.15 and 8.15. By reach, the digital transformation touched nearly every daily life; by self-understanding, the end of the Cold War removed the frame the country had used for forty years. Say which criterion you chose.
按一条明说的标准排序——与 5.12、7.15、8.15 是同样的方法。按波及面,数字转型触及了几乎每一份日常生活;按自我理解,冷战的结束移除了这个国家使用了四十年的那个框架。请说出你选择了哪条标准。
The difference from 6.7's Gilded Age is that real wages... · 与6.7镀金时代的区别在于实际工资……
Inequality with fewer gains to offset it. · 不平等加剧，且缺乏更多收益来抵消它。
Role in the world: unsettled again
- Change: the Cold War's organising criterion expired, and each intervention now needs its own justification.
- Continuity: the country remained the world's leading superpower, and the debate over the appropriate use of American power continued.
- 7.1's promise of renewed domestic debates has now been renewed four times across two units, which is the pattern to name.
在世界上的角色:再次悬而未决
- 变化:冷战的那个组织性标准失效了,而每一次干预如今都需要自己的理由。
- 延续:这个国家仍然是世界首要的超级大国,而关于美国力量适当使用方式的辩论持续进行。
- 7.1 关于被重新激起的国内辩论的许诺,如今已在两个单元中被重新激起了四次,而这正是值得点出的模式。
A course ending in the present cannot report a verdict. · 一门以当下结业的课程无法报告结论。
The arguments it describes are still being had. · 它所描述的争论仍在继续。
Relative significance, one last time
- The objective is the relative significance of the effects of change in the period after 1980 on American national identity.
- Rank against a stated criterion, as in 5.12, 7.15 and 8.15 — durability, reach, or effect on self-understanding.
- By reach, the digital transformation touched nearly every daily life; by self-understanding, the end of the Cold War removed the frame the country had used for forty years.
最后一次的相对重要性
- 这一目标是1980 年之后这一时期的变化对美国民族认同之效果的相对重要性。
- 像 5.12、7.15 与 8.15 那样,按一条明说的标准排序——持久性、波及面,或对自我理解的影响。
- 按波及面,数字转型触及了几乎每一份日常生活;按自我理解,冷战的结束移除了这个国家使用了四十年的那个框架。
A course that ends in the present cannot report a verdict, because the arguments it describes are still being had by people alive now. Saying that plainly is more accurate than inventing a conclusion.
一门以当下结束的课程,无法报告一项判决,因为它所描述的那些争论,如今活着的人们仍在进行。如实说出这一点,比发明一个结论更准确。
After 1980, politics moved right on tax and regulation while the federal-boundary argument stayed open, since many programmes remained popular with voters; the economy was transformed by digital technology with real wages stagnating amid growing economic inequality; and the country's role in the world was forced into redefinition when the Cold War's criterion expired, while it continued as the world's leading superpower. Rank these against a stated criterion — reach favours the digital transformation, self-understanding favours the Cold War's end.
1980 年之后,政治在税收与监管上右移,而关于联邦界限的争论仍然未决,因为许多项目在选民中仍然受欢迎;经济被数字技术所转型,而实际工资在经济不平等加剧的背景下陷入停滞;而这个国家在世界上的角色在冷战的标准失效时被迫重新定义,与此同时它仍然是世界首要的超级大国。请按一条明说的标准为它们排序——波及面有利于数字转型,自我理解有利于冷战的结束。