Oil and the Environment · 石油与环境
Three concerns shaped Middle East policy
- Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy.
- Three concerns, and the CED lists ideological first — this is not only about oil.
- Attempts at creating a national energy policy is the domestic consequence: a foreign supply problem became a policy question at home.
三种关切塑造了中东政策
- 意识形态、军事与经济上的关切塑造了美国在中东的介入,而该地区的数次石油危机最终促成了创建一项国家能源政策的种种尝试。
- 三种关切,而 CED 把意识形态放在第一位——这不只是关于石油。
- 创建一项国家能源政策的种种尝试是国内的后果:一个海外供应问题变成了一个国内的政策问题。
Select all · 所有 three concerns that shaped Middle East involvement. · 选择塑造中东参与度的全部三项关注点。
The CED lists ideological first — not only about oil. · CED首先列出意识形态——不仅仅是关于石油。
Problems produced a movement
- Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources.
- Problems and accidents are the cause — the movement is described as a response to visible events.
- Two methods: legislative and public efforts, which is 6.11's and 8.10's pattern of addressing several institutions.
问题产生了一场运动
- 环境问题与事故催生了一场不断壮大的环境运动,它旨在运用立法与公众的努力来对抗污染并保护自然资源。
- 问题与事故是成因——这场运动被描述为对可见事件的一种回应。
- 两种方法:立法与公众的努力,这是 6.11 与 8.10 面向若干机构的那种模式。
The CED describes the environmental movement as a response to... · CED将环境运动描述为对……的回应
A response to visible events. · 对可见事件的回应。
And the government responded
- The federal government established new environmental programmes and regulations.
- A short sentence, but it settles the objective's how: the movement's demands became federal policy.
- 8.14's conservatives will be seeking to limit the role of the federal government in exactly this period, so the two are simultaneous.
而政府作出了回应
- 联邦政府设立了新的环境项目与法规。
- 一句短句,但它解决了这一目标中的如何:这场运动的诉求变成了联邦政策。
- 8.14 的保守派将在恰恰同一时期力图限制联邦政府的作用,因此两者是同时的。
A Middle East concern, the movement, or the federal response? · 中东的关注点、该运动还是联邦政府的回应？
Sort each element of environmental and energy policy. · 对环境与能源政策的每个要素进行排序。
Select both · 两者 methods the movement used. · 选择该运动使用的两项方法。
6.11's and 8.10's pattern of addressing several institutions. · 6.11和8.10 addressing several institutions 的模式。
An energy policy and an environmental policy pull in different directions. One asks how to secure more supply; the other how to use and pollute less — the CED puts them in one subtopic, so the tension is part of what 8.13 is about.
**能源政策与环境政策朝不同方向用力。**一个追问如何获得更多供给;另一个追问如何少用、少污染——CED 把它们放在同一个小节,因此这种张力正是 8.13 所关乎之事的一部分。
An energy policy and an environmental policy can pull in different directions. · 一项能源政策和一项环境政策可能朝不同方向发力。
The CED puts them in one subtopic. · CED将它们放在同一个子主题下。
Two policies pulling apart
- A national energy policy asks how to secure more supply; an environmental policy asks how to use less and pollute less.
- The CED puts them in the same subtopic, which means the tension is part of what 8.13 is about.
- So an answer should name both and say where they conflict, rather than treating them as one green agenda.
两项政策朝相反方向用力
- 一项国家能源政策追问如何获得更多供给;一项环境政策追问如何少用、少污染。
- CED 把它们放在同一个小节,这意味着这种张力正是 8.13 所关乎之事的一部分。
- 因此答案应当把两者都点出,并说明它们在何处冲突,而不是把它们当作同一份绿色议程。
The federal government established new environmental programmes and . · 联邦政府建立了新的环境项目并。
While 8.14's conservatives sought to limit the federal role. · 尽管8.14中的保守派试图限制联邦的作用。
How and why environmental policy changed
- The objective is how and why policies related to the environment developed and changed from 1968 to 1980.
- Why: visible problems and accidents, plus oil crises that made energy a national question.
- How: through a movement using legislative and public efforts, and a federal government that established programmes and regulations.
环境政策如何以及为何改变
- 这一目标是与环境相关的政策在 1968 至 1980 年间如何以及为何发展与变化。
- 为何:可见的问题与事故,加上使能源成为一个全国性问题的石油危机。
- 如何:通过一场运用立法与公众努力的运动,以及一个设立了项目与法规的联邦政府。
A country short of fuel wants more of it; a country choking on smoke wants less burned. The same government has to answer both letters in the same year, and the answers do not agree.
一个燃料短缺的国家想要更多燃料;一个被烟雾呛住的国家想要少烧一些。同一个政府必须在同一年回复这两封信,而这两个回答并不一致。
Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy. Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programmes and regulations.
意识形态、军事与经济上的关切塑造了美国在中东的介入,而该地区的数次石油危机最终促成了创建一项国家能源政策的种种尝试。 环境问题与事故催生了一场不断壮大的环境运动,它旨在运用立法与公众的努力来对抗污染并保护自然资源。联邦政府设立了新的环境项目与法规。