Civil Rights, 1945-1960 · 民权,1945-1960
Fulfilling old promises
- Seeking to fulfil Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
- Reconstruction-era promises ties this directly to 5.10's amendments and 5.11's eventually became the basis for court decisions.
- Some successes and progress... was slow are both the CED's own qualifiers, and both belong in an answer.
兑现旧的承诺
- 为兑现重建时期的种种承诺,民权活动家与政治领袖在终结种族隔离方面取得了一些法律与政治上的成功,尽管走向种族平等的进展缓慢。
- 重建时期的承诺把这一点直接系于 5.10 的那些修正案,以及 5.11 中的最终成为法院判决的依据。
- 一些成功与进展……缓慢都是 CED 自己的限定语,而两者都应出现在答案中。
Select both · 两者 federal measures the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的两项联邦措施。
The Civil Rights Act belongs to 8.10. · 民权法案属于 8.10。
All three branches acted
- The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality.
- The CED names an executive measure and a judicial one in a sentence about all three branches.
- 3.9's separation of powers means each branch can act independently, and here that produces several routes to one goal.
三个部门都行动了
- 联邦政府的三个部门使用了包括武装部队去隔离与布朗诉教育委员会案(1954)在内的措施,以推动更大的种族平等。
- CED 在一句关于三个部门的话里,点出了一项行政措施与一项司法措施。
- 3.9 的分权意味着每个部门都可以独立行动,而在这里,这产生了通往同一目标的多条路径。
Select both · 两者 of the CED's qualifiers on the achievement. · 选出 CED 对这一成就所加的两项限定。
Both belong in an answer. · 两者都应出现在答案中。
Why the courts mattered first
- 5.11 said the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
- That is the promise being fulfilled: a claim written in 1868 and enforced ninety years later.
- So a court can act where a legislature cannot, because it applies a text already adopted rather than passing a new one.
法院为何首先起作用
- 5.11 说第十四与第十五条修正案最终成为 20 世纪支持公民权利之法院判决的依据。
- 那正是正在被兑现的承诺:一项写于 1868 年、九十年后才被执行的主张。
- 因此法院可以在立法机关无法行动之处行动,因为它适用的是一份已经通过的文本,而不是通过一份新的。
Follow civil rights through three arenas · 经由三个场域追踪民权运动
Courts, direct action and legislation each convert pressure into the next. · 法院、直接行动与立法,各自把压力转化到下一个环节。
A court could act where a legislature could not because it... · 法院之所以能在立法机关无法行动之处行动,是因为它……
5.11's amendments were the text. · 5.11 中的那些修正案就是那份文本。
"Some" successes and "progress... was slow" are both the CED's own qualifiers. Activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow — and 8.10 names the cause of the pace: continuing resistance.
"一些"成功与"进展……缓慢"都是 CED 自己的限定语。活动家与政治领袖在终结种族隔离方面取得了一些法律与政治上的成功,尽管走向种族平等的进展缓慢——而 8.10 点出了这个速度的成因:持续的抵制。
The CED says the ____ branches of the federal government used these measures. · CED 说联邦政府的 ____ 个部门使用了这些措施。
3.9's separation of powers gives several routes to one goal. · 3.9 的分权提供了通往同一目标的多条路径。
'Slow' is the CED's own word
- Although progress toward racial equality was slow — the CED qualifies the achievement in the same sentence that records it.
- 8.10 explains why: continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation.
- So the pace is itself a historical fact with a named cause, not a vague impression.
"缓慢"是 CED 自己的用词
- 尽管走向种族平等的进展缓慢——CED 在记录这一成就的同一句话里对它作了限定。
- 8.10 解释了原因:持续的抵制拖慢了去隔离的努力,在全国各地引发了社会与政治动荡。
- 因此这个速度本身就是一项有着被点名之成因的历史事实,而不是一种模糊的印象。
8.10 names the cause of the slow pace as... · 8.10 把进展缓慢的成因点为……
The pace is a fact with a named cause. · 这个速度是一项有着被点名之成因的事实。
How and why the movement developed
- The objective is how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960.
- Why: Reconstruction-era promises unfulfilled, wartime service and mobilisation (7.12, 7.13), and a Cold War claim to lead the free world.
- How: through activists and political leaders using all three branches, with successes that were real and partial.
这场运动如何以及为何发展
- 这一目标是1945 至 1960 年间民权运动如何以及为何发展与扩大。
- 为何:重建时期的承诺尚未兑现、战时的服役与动员(7.12、7.13),以及一项领导自由世界的冷战主张。
- 如何:通过活动家与政治领袖运用全部三个部门,取得了既真实又部分的成功。
A right written into a constitution in one century and enforced in the next was never absent; it was unenforced. That distinction is why a court could act without waiting for a new law.
一项在某个世纪被写入宪法、在下一个世纪才被执行的权利,从未缺席;它只是未被执行。正是这一区分,使得法院可以在不等待新法律的情况下行动。
Seeking to fulfil Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow. The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality — an executive measure and a judicial one, and 5.11 had already said the 14th and 15th amendments would eventually become the basis for such decisions.
为兑现重建时期的种种承诺,民权活动家与政治领袖在终结种族隔离方面取得了一些法律与政治上的成功,尽管走向种族平等的进展缓慢。 联邦政府的三个部门使用了包括武装部队去隔离与布朗诉教育委员会案(1954)在内的措施,以推动更大的种族平等——一项行政措施与一项司法措施,而 5.11 早已说过第十四与第十五条修正案最终会成为这类判决的依据。