The Great Depression · 大萧条
Instability, not a single crash
- Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system.
- Episodes — plural — with the Depression as the sharpest, so the CED describes a recurring problem rather than one event.
- And the effect named is a call for regulation, which answers 6.12's laissez-faire position directly.
不稳定,而不是一次单独的崩盘
- 20 世纪早期信贷与市场不稳定的一系列事件,尤其是大萧条,导致了对更强金融监管体系的呼声。
- 一系列事件——是复数——其中以大萧条最为尖锐,因此 CED 描述的是一个反复出现的问题,而不是一个事件。
- 而被点名的效果是一项对监管的呼吁,这直接回答了 6.12 的自由放任立场。
'Episodes of credit and market instability' describes... · "信贷与市场不稳定的一系列事件"描述的是……
With the Depression as the sharpest. · 其中以大萧条最为尖锐。
A transition still under way
- The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
- Continued ties this to 6.6's consolidation — the Depression happens inside a transition, not to a settled economy.
- Led by large companies matters: the failure of large firms is a national event in a way the failure of small ones is not.
一场仍在进行的转变
- 美国继续了从乡村农业经济向由大公司主导的城市工业经济的转变。
- 继续了把这一点与 6.6 的集中相连——大萧条发生在一场转变之中,而不是发生在一个已定型的经济上。
- 由大公司主导很重要:大企业的倒闭是一个全国性事件,而小企业的倒闭并非如此。
The CED calls the 1930s result... · CED 把 1930 年代的结果称为……
The qualifier matters as much as the noun. · 这个限定词与那个名词同样重要。
The response redefined liberalism
- During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
- A limited welfare state — the CED qualifies it, and the qualifier is as important as the noun.
- Redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism is the deepest claim: the word changed meaning, as it had in Europe's 6.9.
这一回应重新定义了自由主义
- 在 1930 年代,政策制定者通过把美国转变为一个有限的福利国家来回应大萧条的大规模失业与社会动荡,并重新定义了现代美国自由主义的目标与观念。
- 一个有限的福利国家——CED 加了限定,而这个限定与那个名词同样重要。
- 重新定义了现代美国自由主义的目标与观念是最深的一项主张:这个词的含义变了,正如它在欧洲史 6.9 中所经历的那样。
Follow the Depression from crash to politics · 从崩盘到政治:追踪大萧条
The economic collapse is the context; the political response is what the exam asks about. · 经济崩溃是背景;考试问的是政治上的回应。
Match each version of liberalism to what it thinks threatens freedom. · 把每个版本的自由主义与它认为威胁自由之物配对。
Both claim to protect individual freedom. · 两者都声称在保护个人自由。
"A limited welfare state" — the qualifier matters as much as the noun. The CED says policymakers transformed the U.S. into a limited welfare state while redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism: the word changed meaning, and both versions claim to protect individual freedom.
"一个有限的福利国家"——这个限定词与那个名词同样重要。CED 说政策制定者把美国转变为一个有限的福利国家,同时重新定义了现代美国自由主义的目标与观念:这个词的含义变了,而两个版本都声称在保护个人自由。
Select all · 所有 the effects the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有效果。
Plus the limited welfare state. · 此外还有那个有限的福利国家。
Why liberalism could change meaning
- 6.12's version meant leaving the economy alone; the 1930s version means using government to secure people against it.
- Both call themselves liberal because both claim to protect individual freedom — they disagree about what threatens it.
- Stating that disagreement is what makes the redefinition intelligible rather than merely confusing.
自由主义为何能够改变含义
- 6.12 的那个版本意味着让经济自行其是;1930 年代的版本意味着运用政府来保障人们不受经济之害。
- 两者都自称自由主义,因为两者都声称在保护个人自由——它们的分歧在于什么威胁着它。
- 说出这一分歧,正是使这次重新定义变得可理解、而不只是令人困惑的东西。
The failure of ____ companies is a national event in a way the failure of small ones is not. · ____ 公司的倒闭是一个全国性事件,而小公司的倒闭并非如此。
The economy was led by large companies. · 这个经济由大公司主导。
Causes and effects on the economy
- The objective is the causes of the Great Depression and its effects on the economy.
- Causes: episodes of credit and market instability, inside an unfinished transition to an economy led by large companies.
- Effects: mass unemployment, social upheaval, calls for financial regulation, and a limited welfare state.
成因与对经济的效果
- 这一目标是大萧条的成因及其对经济的效果。
- 成因:信贷与市场不稳定的一系列事件,发生在一场尚未完成的、走向由大公司主导之经济的转变之中。
- 效果:大规模失业、社会动荡、对金融监管的呼声,以及一个有限的福利国家。
Two people who both say they defend freedom can mean opposite policies: one thinks the danger is the state, the other thinks it is losing everything in a market crash. The word has not been abused; it has been contested.
两个都说自己在捍卫自由的人,可以指的是相反的政策:一个认为危险来自国家,另一个认为危险是在一次市场崩盘中失去一切。这个词并没有被滥用;它是被争夺了。
Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system, inside a country that continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
20 世纪早期信贷与市场不稳定的一系列事件,尤其是大萧条,导致了对更强金融监管体系的呼声,而这发生在一个继续着从乡村农业经济向由大公司主导的城市工业经济之转变的国家里。在 1930 年代,政策制定者通过把美国转变为一个有限的福利国家来回应大萧条的大规模失业与社会动荡,并重新定义了现代美国自由主义的目标与观念。