Consumer Goods and Mass Media · 消费品与大众媒体
An economy focused on consumers
- New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.
- Focus... on the production of consumer goods is a change of orientation, not only of output.
- Three results: living standards, personal mobility, and communications — the second and third are new in kind, not just in degree.
一个以消费者为焦点的经济
- 新技术与新制造工艺帮助把美国经济的焦点转向消费品的生产,促成了生活水平的提高、更大的个人机动性,以及更好的通讯系统。
- 把焦点转向消费品的生产是一次取向的改变,不只是产出的改变。
- 三项结果:生活水平、个人机动性与通讯——后两项在性质上是新的,不只是程度上的。
Select all · 所有 three results of the consumer-goods focus. · 选择消费品导向带来的所有三个结果。
The second and third are new in kind. · 第二和第三项在性质上是新的。
Radio and cinema did two things
- New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures.
- As well as — the same media both spread a shared culture and made regional differences more visible.
- That is a subtler claim than "mass media homogenised America", and it is the one the CED actually makes.
广播与电影做了两件事
- 广播与电影等新形式的大众媒体,促成了民族文化的传播,同时也促成了对地区文化更大的意识。
- 同时也——同样的媒体既传播了一种共享的文化,也使地区差异更加可见。
- 这是一项比"大众媒体使美国同质化"更细致的主张,而它才是 CED 实际提出的主张。
Select both · 两者 effects the CED gives mass media. · 选择CED对大众媒体产生的两个影响。
The same medium did both. · 同一种媒介同时实现了两者。
Mobility changes what a life looks like
- Greater personal mobility means a person's work, home, shops and family need not be in the same place.
- That reorganises settlement, courtship, leisure and the shape of a city — 6.10's leisure time now has somewhere to go.
- So a technology answer should name a change in how people lived, not only in what they owned.
机动性改变了一种生活的样子
- 更大的个人机动性意味着一个人的工作、住所、商店与家人不必位于同一个地方。
- 这重组了居住、交往、闲暇与一座城市的形态——6.10 的闲暇时间如今有了去处。
- 因此一个关于技术的答案,应当点出人们如何生活上的变化,而不只是他们拥有什么。
An economic result, a media effect, or a change in living? · 经济结果、媒体效应还是生活改变？
Sort each element of the consumer economy. · 对消费经济的每个要素进行分类。
Greater personal mobility matters because it means... · 个人流动性增加很重要，因为它意味着……
It reorganises settlement, leisure and the shape of a city. · 它重组了居住地、休闲方式和城市形态。
The CED's claim is subtler than "mass media homogenised America". Radio and cinema contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures — the same medium did both, and an answer that reports only homogenisation has replaced the CED's claim with a simpler one.
CED 的主张比"大众媒体使美国同质化"更细致。广播与电影促成了民族文化的传播,同时也促成了对地区文化更大的意识——同一种媒介做了两件事,而只报告同质化的答案,用一个更简单的主张替换了 CED 的主张。
Put the technological arc 'over time' in order. · 按时间顺序排列技术弧线。
Each stage widened the market and the shared experience. · 每个阶段都扩大了市场和共享体验。
Causes and effects over time
- The objective is the causes and effects of the innovations in communication and technology... over time.
- Over time invites the arc: 4.5's market revolution, 6.5's dramatic production, and now a consumer orientation with mass media.
- Each stage produced a wider market and a broader shared experience, and this one produced both at national scale.
随时间的成因与效果
- 这一目标是通讯与技术创新……随时间的成因与效果。
- 随时间要求呈现这条弧线:4.5 的市场革命、6.5 的产量大幅提高,以及如今带有大众媒体的消费取向。
- 每个阶段都产生了更宽的市场与更广的共享经验,而这一阶段以全国规模同时产生了两者。
One ____ sentence turns the media paradox into a claim, exactly as in 6.7. · 一个____句子将媒体悖论转化为主张，正如6.7所示。
A national broadcast teaches both what is shared and what is local. · 全国性广播既传授共同内容，也涉及地方内容。
Writing the double effect
- State that mass media spread a national culture and heightened awareness of regional cultures, then explain how.
- The mechanism: a national broadcast makes a listener notice both what everyone shares and what their own place does differently.
- One mechanism sentence turns a paradox into a claim, exactly as in 6.7.
书写这项双重效果
- 陈述大众媒体既传播了民族文化,也加强了对地区文化的意识,然后解释是如何做到的。
- 机制是:一次全国性的广播,使听众既注意到人人共享之物,也注意到自己所在之地有何不同。
- 一句关于机制的话就把悖论变成了主张,正如 6.7 中一样。
Hear a voice from a thousand miles away every evening and you learn two things at once: what the country sounds like, and that it does not sound like home. Both lessons come from the same broadcast.
每天晚上听见一个来自千里之外的声音,你会同时学到两件事:这个国家听起来是什么样,以及它听起来并不像家乡。两个教训都来自同一档节目。
New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems, and new forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures. The same medium did both — a claim subtler than homogenisation.
新技术与新制造工艺帮助把美国经济的焦点转向消费品的生产,促成了生活水平的提高、更大的个人机动性,以及更好的通讯系统,而广播与电影等新形式的大众媒体,促成了民族文化的传播,同时也促成了对地区文化更大的意识。同一种媒介做了两件事——这是一项比同质化更细致的主张。