How Much Changed by 1898 · 到1898年变化有多大
The three threads, measured
- Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
- The migrations that accompanied industrialisation transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
- The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
被测量的三条线索
- 技术进步、大规模生产方式与新市场的开辟,促进了美国工业资本主义的兴起。
- 伴随工业化而来的迁徙,改变了美国的城市与乡村地区,并造成了剧烈的社会与文化变化。
- 镀金时代产生了新的文化与思想运动、公共改革努力,以及关于经济与社会政策的政治辩论。
Industrialisation brought the least change in... · 工业化带来的最小变化在...
'Extent' requires a judgement with a limit. · '程度'需要一个带有界限的判断。
The economy changed most
- Production increased dramatically; firms consolidated into trusts and holding companies; wealth further concentrated.
- Real wages rose and living standards improved while the gap between rich and poor grew — the double fact of 6.7.
- Continuity: sharecropping and tenant farming remained the primary economic activity in the South.
经济改变得最多
- 产量大幅提高;企业合并为托拉斯与控股公司;财富进一步集中。
- 实际工资上升、生活水平提高,而贫富之间的差距同时扩大——这是 6.7 的那项双重事实。
- 延续:佃农制与租佃耕作仍然是南方主要的经济活动。
Select all · 所有 the economic changes this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有经济变化。
Sharecropping remained the South's primary activity. · 分成租佃制仍是南方的主要活动。
Society changed almost as much
- A distinctive middle class, an expanded consumer culture, cities filled by internal and international migration.
- The West was built — railroads, mining, ranching — and native nations were confined to reservations with tribal sovereignty denied.
- Continuity: Plessy marked the end of most Reconstruction gains, and reformers continued to fight.
社会改变得几乎同样多
- 一个独特的中产阶级、一种被扩大的消费文化,以及因国内与国际迁徙而充实起来的城市。
- 西部被建造起来——铁路、采矿、牧牛——而原住民各民族被限制在保留地内,部落主权被否认。
- 延续:普莱西案标志着重建大部分成果的终结,而改革者仍继续抗争。
Economy, society, or politics? · 经济、社会还是政治？
Sort each change by 1898. · 按1898年的标准对每项变化进行分类。
Living standards improved and the gap between rich and poor grew. · 生活水平提高，贫富差距扩大。
6.7's double fact, both halves true. · 6.7的双重事实，两半均正确。
"Extent" requires a judgement with a limit, and the domains rank differently. Industrialisation was transformative in the economy and in cities, much less so in Southern agriculture — where sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity — and in national politics, still arguing over Civil War loyalties.
"程度"要求一个带有限度的判断,而各领域的排序并不相同。工业化在经济与城市中是变革性的,在南方农业中则远非如此——在那里佃农制与租佃耕作仍然是主要的经济活动——在全国政治中亦然,那里仍在就内战时期的忠诚争论不休。
Select both · 两者 things the major parties still did in 1898. · 选择主要政党在1898年仍进行的两个事项。
The system had not yet absorbed the economic transformation. · 该体系尚未吸收经济转型。
Politics changed least
- The major parties still appealed to Civil War divisions and argued over tariffs and currency.
- A third party formed to demand regulation, and reformers said greed had corrupted all levels of government.
- So the political system had not yet absorbed the economic transformation, which is the argument unit 7 opens with.
政治改变得最少
- 两大政党仍在诉诸内战的分歧,并就关税与货币争论不休。
- 一个第三党成立起来要求监管,而改革者说贪婪已经腐蚀了各级政府。
- 因此政治体系尚未吸收那场经济转型,而这正是第七单元开篇的论证。
A mismatch between economic change and political argument is not stability; it is . · 经济变革与政治争论之间的不匹配不是稳定；它是。
And it has to go somewhere — which is unit 7. · 而且它必须有个去向——即第7单元。
'The extent to which' again
- The objective is the extent to which industrialisation brought change from 1865 to 1898.
- Extent requires a judgement with a limit: transformative in the economy and in cities, much less so in Southern agriculture and in national politics.
- Rank the three domains, name a continuity in each, and the answer is complete.
又一次的"在多大程度上"
- 这一目标是1865 至 1898 年间工业化在多大程度上带来了变化。
- 程度要求一个带有限度的判断:在经济与城市中是变革性的,在南方农业与全国政治中则远非如此。
- 为这三个领域排序,并在每个领域点出一项延续,答案就完整了。
A country can change how nearly everything is made and moved in thirty years while the two things people vote about stay the same. That mismatch is not stability; it is pressure, and it has to go somewhere.
一个国家可以在三十年里改变几乎一切东西的制造与运输方式,而人们投票所围绕的那两件事却原封不动。这种错位不是稳定;它是压力,而它总得有个去处。
By 1898, industrial capitalism had transformed production (dramatic output, trusts and holding companies, further concentrated wealth) with 6.7's double fact — improved living standards and a growing gap; migration had remade cities and built the West while native nations were confined to reservations; and the political system still argued over tariffs and currency and appealed to Civil War divisions. The extent: greatest in economy and city, least in Southern agriculture and national politics.
到 1898 年,工业资本主义已经改变了生产(产量大幅提高、托拉斯与控股公司、进一步集中的财富),并伴随 6.7 的那项双重事实——生活水平提高而且差距扩大;迁徙重塑了城市并建造了西部,而原住民各民族被限制在保留地内;而政治体系仍在就关税与货币争论,并诉诸内战的分歧。程度:在经济与城市中最大,在南方农业与全国政治中最小。