Alternative Visions · 替代愿景
Four kinds of critic
- A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society.
- Four groups named, and they are not variations on one position — agrarian, utopian, socialist and Social Gospel differ fundamentally.
- Alternative visions is the key phrase: these are proposals for a different arrangement, not merely complaints.
四类批评者
- 若干艺术家与批评者,包括农本主义者、乌托邦主义者、社会主义者与社会福音的倡导者,提出了关于经济与美国社会的另类构想。
- 点出了四个群体,而它们不是同一立场的变体——农本主义、乌托邦主义、社会主义与社会福音有着根本的不同。
- 另类构想是关键措辞:它们是关于另一种安排的提案,不只是抱怨。
Select all · 所有 four critic groups the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有四个批评团体。
They are not variations on one position. · 它们不是一个立场的变体。
What each proposed
- Agrarians measured the economy against the independent farm — 6.2's falling prices are their evidence.
- Socialists proposed a different ownership of production; utopians proposed leaving to build a model community.
- Social Gospel advocates applied religious duty to industrial conditions — the same premise as the Gospel of Wealth, aimed downward rather than outward.
各自提出了什么
- 农本主义者以独立农场为尺度来衡量经济——6.2 的价格下跌就是他们的证据。
- 社会主义者提出一种不同的生产资料所有制;乌托邦主义者提出离开现有社会去建造一个示范社群。
- 社会福音的倡导者把宗教义务用于工业境况——与财富福音同样的前提,但指向下方而不是向外。
'Alternative visions' means these movements... · ‘替代愿景’意味着这些运动……
The CED chose the stronger word. · CED选择了更强烈的词汇。
Women's reform, three methods
- Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organisations, going to college, and promoting social and political reform.
- Three methods, and the second — going to college — connects to 6.10's increased access to educational institutions.
- So the middle class the corporation created supplied the reformers who criticised the order it belonged to.
女性的改革,三种方法
- 许多女性寻求与男性更大的平等,常常加入自愿组织、上大学,并推动社会与政治改革。
- 三种方法,而第二种——上大学——与 6.10 的教育机构可及性的提高相连。
- 因此公司所造就的那个中产阶级,提供了批评它所属之秩序的那些改革者。
Select all · 所有 three methods women used, per the CED. · 根据CED，选择女性使用的所有三种方法。
The second connects to 6.10's educational access. · 第二点与 6.10 的教育准入相关。
"Alternative visions" is a stronger word than "criticism". A critic who wants better wages accepts the system; agrarians, utopians, socialists and Social Gospel advocates proposed a different arrangement — so describe them by what they proposed, not only by what they opposed.
"另类构想"是比"批评"更强的词。一个想要更高工资的批评者接受这个体系;而农本主义者、乌托邦主义者、社会主义者与社会福音的倡导者提出的是另一种安排——因此请以他们所提出之物来描述他们,而不只是以他们所反对之物。
Which alternative vision? · 哪种替代愿景？
Sort each proposal to the group that made it. · 对提出每项提议的群体进行排序。
The middle class the corporation created also supplied... · 企业创造的中产阶级也提供了……
Educational access made both possible. · 教育准入使这两者成为可能。
Why 'alternative' is the right word
- A critic who wants better wages accepts the system; a critic with an alternative vision does not.
- The CED chose the stronger word, which means these movements should be described by what they proposed, not only what they opposed.
- That is the difference between 6.7's unions and 6.11's critics, and both belong in an account of the Gilded Age.
为何"另类"是正确的词
- 一个想要更高工资的批评者接受这个体系;一个持有另类构想的批评者不接受。
- CED 选择了更强的那个词,这意味着这些运动应当以它们所提出之物来描述,而不只是以它们所反对之物。
- 这正是 6.7 的工会与 6.11 的批评者之间的差别,而两者都应出现在关于镀金时代的叙述中。
For each movement give the diagnosis, the proposal, and the . · 为每个运动给出诊断、提议以及。
Three details, all supplied by the CED. · 三个细节，均由CED提供。
How reform movements responded
- The objective is how different reform movements responded to the rise of industrial capitalism in the Gilded Age.
- Different is doing work: name at least two movements with genuinely different diagnoses.
- For each, give the diagnosis, the proposal, and the method — three details, and the CED supplies all of them.
改革运动如何回应
- 这一目标是不同的改革运动如何回应了镀金时代工业资本主义的兴起。
- 不同的在起作用:至少点出两场诊断真正不同的运动。
- 对每一场,给出诊断、提案与方法——三个细节,而 CED 全都提供了。
Ask a movement what it wants and you learn whether it is bargaining or replacing. A raise is a bargain; a different owner of the mill is a replacement. Both are reform, and they are not the same kind of thing.
问一场运动它想要什么,你就知道它是在讨价还价还是在替换。加薪是讨价还价;工厂换一个所有者是替换。两者都是改革,而它们并不是同一类事物。
A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society, and many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organisations, going to college, and promoting social and political reform. The four critic groups differ fundamentally, and alternative visions means they proposed a different arrangement rather than better terms within the existing one.
若干艺术家与批评者,包括农本主义者、乌托邦主义者、社会主义者与社会福音的倡导者,提出了关于经济与美国社会的另类构想,而许多女性寻求与男性更大的平等,常常加入自愿组织、上大学,并推动社会与政治改革。这四类批评者有着根本的不同,而另类构想意味着他们提出的是另一种安排,而不是在既有安排之内的更好条件。