Comparing the War's Effects · 比较战争的影响
The objective's verb is 'compare'
- Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.
- Relative significance means the answer must rank, not merely list — that is the whole task.
- So choose two or three effects, state a criterion for significance, and apply it.
这一目标的动词是"比较"
- 比较内战对美国价值观各种影响的相对重要性。
- 相对重要性意味着答案必须排序,而不只是罗列——那就是全部的任务。
- 因此选择两三项效果、说明一条重要性的标准,并加以应用。
'Relative significance' means the answer must... · '相对重要性'意味着答案必须...
That is the whole task. · 这就是全部任务。
Three candidate effects
- Slavery abolished — the 13th Amendment, and the CED says the war settled this issue.
- Secession settled — the question of whether a state may leave was answered by the outcome.
- Citizenship redefined — the 14th and 15th amendments, whose enforcement the CED calls unresolved.
三项候选效果
- 奴隶制被废除——第十三条修正案,而 CED 说这场战争解决了这个问题。
- 脱离问题被解决——一个州是否可以离开的问题,由结局作出了回答。
- 公民身份被重新定义——第十四与第十五条修正案,而 CED 把它们的执行称为未决。
Select both · 两者 effects the CED counts as settled. · 选择CED视为既定的两项影响。
The other two were left unresolved. · 另外两个则未被解决。
A criterion the CED itself supplies
- 5.1 distinguishes what was settled from what was left unresolved, and that is a usable ranking criterion.
- By it, abolition and the secession question rank highest in finality, and citizenship ranks highest in long-term consequence.
- Saying which criterion you are using is what turns a ranking into an argument.
CED 自身提供的一条标准
- 5.1 把已解决之事与留作未决之事区分开来,而那是一条可用的排序标准。
- 按它来看,废奴与脱离问题在终局性上排位最高,而公民身份在长期后果上排位最高。
- 说明你所使用的是哪一条标准,正是把一次排序变成一个论证的东西。
A settled effect, an unresolved effect, or an effect on values? · 既定影响、未解决的影响，还是价值观方面的影响？
Sort each effect of the Civil War. · 对内战影响的每个要素进行分类。
Match each criterion to the effect it ranks highest. · 将每个标准与其排名最高的影响相匹配。
Saying which criterion you use turns a ranking into an argument. · 说明你使用的标准会使排名变成一种论证。
"Relative significance" means the answer must rank, not list. Choose a criterion — the CED's own settled versus left unresolved works — apply it to two or three effects, and then give the strongest objection to your own ranking; that is what separates a comparison from a preference.
"相对重要性"意味着答案必须排序,而不是罗列。选择一条标准——CED 自己的已解决对留作未决就很好用——把它应用于两三项效果,然后给出对你自己这一排序的最强反对意见;这正是把比较与偏好区分开来的东西。
Because the objective says 'values', the answer should include... · 因为目标说的是'价值观'，答案应包含...
5.9's Gettysburg framing is an effect on values by definition. · 5.9的《葛底斯堡演说》框架从定义上讲就是价值观方面的影响。
Effects on values, not only on law
- The objective says American values, so the answer is about what the nation claimed to believe, not only what it enacted.
- 5.9's Gettysburg framing — the war as the fulfilment of America's founding democratic ideals — is an effect on values by definition.
- So a values answer includes how the founding documents were re-read, not only how the Constitution was amended.
对价值观的影响,而不只是对法律
- 这一目标说的是美国的价值观,因此答案关乎这个国家宣称自己相信什么,而不只是它制定了什么。
- 5.9 中葛底斯堡的那种框定——把战争视为美国立国民主理想的实现——按定义就是一项对价值观的影响。
- 因此一份关于价值观的答案,应当包括立国文件如何被重新解读,而不只是宪法如何被修正。
Handling the strongest ____ to your ranking separates a comparison from a preference. · 处理针对排名的最强____可以将比较与偏好区分开来。
The CED's own phrase supplies both criterion and objection. · CED自己的表述同时提供了标准和异议。
Writing a comparison of significance
- Name two effects, state your criterion, rank them, and give the strongest objection to your ranking.
- Handling the objection is what separates a comparison from a preference.
- The CED's own settled but left unresolved is both the best criterion and the best objection, which makes this subtopic unusually tractable.
书写一次重要性的比较
- 点出两项效果、说明你的标准、给它们排序,并给出对你这一排序的最强反对意见。
- 处理那项反对意见,正是把一次比较与一种偏好区分开来的东西。
- CED 自己的解决了但留下了未决,既是最好的标准也是最强的反对意见,这使本小节异常好处理。
Two outcomes of the same war: one closes a question forever, the other opens a question that takes a century to answer. Which matters more depends entirely on whether you are measuring finality or consequence, and saying which you chose is the argument.
同一场战争的两个结局:一个永远关上了一个问题,另一个则打开了一个需要一个世纪才能回答的问题。哪一个更重要,完全取决于你衡量的是终局性还是后果,而说出你选择了哪一个,就是那个论证。
Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values — the task is to rank. The CED's own distinction between what was settled (slavery, secession) and what was left unresolved (federal power, citizenship rights) is the readiest criterion; by finality abolition ranks first, by long-term consequence the redefinition of citizenship does. Because the objective says values, include 5.9's re-reading of the founding ideals, not only the amendments.
比较内战对美国价值观各种影响的相对重要性——任务是排序。CED 自己在已解决之事(奴隶制、脱离)与留作未决之事(联邦权力、公民权利)之间的区分,是最现成的标准;按终局性,废奴排第一;按长期后果,公民身份的重新定义排第一。因为这一目标说的是价值观,答案还应包括 5.9 对立国理想的重新解读,而不只是那些修正案。