Newcomers and Two Labour Systems · 新来者与两种劳动制度
Migration and its reception
- Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.
- A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.
- Two named targets of the movement — political power and cultural influence — so it was a campaign about both votes and identity.
移民及其接受
- 大量国际移民继续从欧洲与亚洲抵达美国,主要来自爱尔兰与德国,他们常常定居在族裔社群中,以便保存自身语言与习俗的某些元素。
- 一场强烈反天主教的本土主义运动兴起,旨在限制新移民的政治权力与文化影响。
- 这场运动有两个被点名的目标——政治权力与文化影响——因此它既是一场关于选票的运动,也是一场关于身份的运动。
Select both · 两者 targets of the nativist movement. · 选择排外运动针对的两项目标。
A campaign about both votes and identity. · 一场关于选票和身份的运动。
Two labour systems, one country
- The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labour in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on enslaved labour.
- Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labour market.
- As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labour.
两种劳动制度,一个国家
- 北方不断扩张的制造业经济依赖自由劳动,与南方经济对被奴役劳动的依赖形成对照。
- 一些北方人并非基于原则反对奴隶制,而是声称奴隶制会破坏自由劳动力市场。
- 结果,一场自由土地运动兴起,把奴隶制的扩张描绘为与自由劳动不相容。
The free-soil movement portrayed the expansion of slavery as... · 自由土壤运动将奴隶制的扩张描绘成……
Some Northerners objected on labour-market grounds, not principle. · 一些北方人基于劳动力市场原因而非原则表示反对。
Abolitionists were a visible minority
- African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
- Although a minority and highly visible are both stated — influence is not the same as numbers.
- Three methods are named: moral argument, assisting escapes, and sometimes a willingness to use violence.
废奴主义者是显眼的少数
- 非裔美国人与白人废奴主义者虽在北方属于少数,却发起了一场高度显眼的反奴隶制运动,提出反对这一制度的道德论证、协助逃亡,有时也表达出为达成目标而使用暴力的意愿。
- 虽属少数与高度显眼都被明说——影响力与人数不是一回事。
- 点出了三种方法:道德论证、协助逃亡,有时还有使用暴力的意愿。
Select all · 所有 three abolitionist methods the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有三种废奴主义方法。
A minority, but highly visible. · 少数但高度显眼。
Free-soil and abolition are different positions. The CED says some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labour market — the free-soil movement opposed slavery's expansion on economic grounds, which is not the abolitionists' moral case.
自由土地与废奴是不同的立场。CED 说一些北方人并非基于原则反对奴隶制,而是声称奴隶制会破坏自由劳动力市场——自由土地运动基于经济理由反对奴隶制的扩张,这不是废奴主义者的道德立场。
Immigration, free soil, abolition, or the defence of slavery? · 移民、自由土壤、废奴主义，还是保卫奴隶制？
Sort each element of the 1850s. · 对1850年代的每个元素进行排序。
Select all · 所有 three grounds defenders of slavery used. · 选择奴隶制捍卫者使用的所有三种理由。
The third is why law could not settle the argument. · 第三点解释了为何法律无法解决这场争论。
Three defences of slavery
- Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution.
- Three grounds: racial, social, and constitutional — and the third is why the argument could not be settled by law.
- The CED reports these as arguments made, which is the correct historical register for recording them.
为奴隶制辩护的三种论证
- 奴隶制的辩护者以种族学说、认为奴隶制是一种积极社会善的观点,以及相信奴隶制与州权受宪法保护的信念作为其论证基础。
- 三条理由:种族的、社会的与宪法的——而第三条正是这场争论无法由法律来了结的原因。
- CED 把这些报告为被提出的论证,而这是记录它们的正确历史语域。
Free soil and abolition are different positions. · 自由土壤和废奴主义是不同的立场。
Identical votes, entirely different reasons. · 相同的选票，完全不同的理由。
Two objectives, kept distinct
- 5.5 asks about the effects of immigration on American culture and how regional differences related to slavery caused tension.
- They connect through 5.6: nativism and slavery together broke the Second Party System.
- But answer them separately first — one is about newcomers and reception, the other about labour and its defenders.
两个目标,分开处理
- 5.5 追问移民对美国文化的影响,以及与奴隶制相关的地区差异如何造成紧张。
- 它们通过 5.6 相连:本土主义与奴隶制共同瓦解了第二个政党体系。
- 但首先要分别回答——一个关于新来者与接受,另一个关于劳动及其辩护者。
Two people vote the same way on a territorial bill: one because a system is wrong, the other because it competes with his wages. Their votes are identical and their reasons commit them to entirely different futures.
两个人在一项领土法案上投了同样的票:一个是因为某种制度是错的,另一个是因为它与他的工资相竞争。他们的票是相同的,而他们的理由把他们许诺给了完全不同的未来。
Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive... mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities, while a strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose... aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence. The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labour in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on enslaved labour, producing a free-soil movement; abolitionists, although a minority... mounted a highly visible campaign; and defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution.
大量国际移民继续抵达……主要来自爱尔兰与德国,常常定居在族裔社群中,而一场强烈反天主教的本土主义运动兴起……旨在限制新移民的政治权力与文化影响。北方不断扩张的制造业经济依赖自由劳动,与南方经济对被奴役劳动的依赖形成对照,并产生了一场自由土地运动;废奴主义者虽属少数……却发起了一场高度显眼的运动;而奴隶制的辩护者以种族学说、认为奴隶制是一种积极社会善的观点,以及相信奴隶制与州权受宪法保护的信念作为其论证基础。