Why a Second Awakening · 为何有第二次大觉醒
Four causes, listed together
- The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants.
- Four causes: beliefs, a reaction against rationalism, economic change, and mobility.
- Contributed to is a modest verb — none of the four is claimed as sufficient on its own.
被一并列出的四项成因
- 民主与个人主义信念的兴起、对理性主义的一种回应、市场革命所造成的社会变化,连同更大的社会与地理流动性,共同促成了新教徒中的第二次大觉醒。
- 四项成因:信念、对理性主义的反弹、经济变化,以及流动性。
- 促成是一个有分寸的动词——四项中没有一项被声称单独就足够。
Select all · 所有 four causes the CED lists. · 选出 CED 所列的全部四项成因。
'Contributed to' — none is sufficient alone. · "促成"——单独任何一项都不充分。
Democratic and individualistic beliefs
- 4.7's suffrage expansion made ordinary men political actors; a religion of individual conversion makes them spiritual ones.
- The two developments share a premise: authority is validated by the individual, not by inherited standing.
- So the Awakening is not a retreat from the era's politics but an expression of the same assumption.
民主与个人主义的信念
- 4.7 的选举权扩大使普通男性成为政治行动者;一种以个人皈依为核心的宗教使他们成为属灵的行动者。
- 这两项发展共享一个前提:权威由个人来确认,而不是由继承而来的地位。
- 因此这场大觉醒不是从这个时代的政治中撤退,而是同一预设的另一种表达。
Suffrage expansion and a religion of individual conversion share the premise that... · 选举权扩大与一种以个人皈依为核心的宗教,共享的前提是……
So the Awakening is not a retreat from the era's politics. · 因此这场大觉醒不是从这个时代的政治中撤退。
A response to rationalism
- A response to rationalism places the Awakening in the same argument European history calls Romanticism.
- The claim in both cases is that reason alone does not exhaust what a person needs or knows.
- 4.9's Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility is the same intellectual current, arriving in religion.
对理性主义的一种回应
- 对理性主义的一种回应,把这场大觉醒放在欧洲史称之为浪漫主义的同一场论争之中。
- 两者的主张都是:仅凭理性,并不能穷尽一个人所需要或所知道的东西。
- 4.9 中浪漫主义关于人可臻完善的信念,正是同一股思想潮流抵达宗教领域。
Select both · 两者 kinds of mobility the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的两种流动性。
Moving between ranks, and moving between places. · 在阶层之间移动,以及在地方之间移动。
"Contributed to" is a modest verb, and none of the four causes is claimed as sufficient. The CED lists democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, changes caused by the market revolution and greater social and geographical mobility together — an answer resting on one of them has overstated it.
"促成"是一个有分寸的动词,而四项成因中没有一项被声称是充分的。CED 把民主与个人主义的信念、对理性主义的一种回应、市场革命所造成的变化与更大的社会与地理流动性并列——只凭其中一项立论的答案,夸大了它。
Get from revival to reform movement · 从宗教复兴走到改革运动
Religious revival produces political movements because of one premise: a person can be perfected, so a society can. · 宗教复兴之所以催生政治运动,靠的是一个前提:人可以完善,社会因此也可以。
'A response to rationalism' places the Awakening in the same argument as... · "对理性主义的一种回应"把这场大觉醒放在与……同一场论争之中
4.9's Romantic beliefs are the same current, arriving in religion. · 4.9 的浪漫主义信念正是同一股潮流抵达宗教领域。
Mobility, of two kinds
- Greater social and geographical mobility names two different things: moving between ranks, and moving between places.
- Both loosen inherited community ties, and a person whose community is new must choose a congregation rather than inherit one.
- So mobility does not merely allow revival; it creates the demand that revival meets.
两种流动性
- 更大的社会与地理流动性点出了两件不同的事:在阶层之间移动,以及在地方之间移动。
- 两者都松动了继承而来的社群纽带,而一个所处社群是新的人,必须选择一个会众,而不是继承一个。
- 因此流动性不只是允许了复兴;它创造了复兴所满足的那种需求。
Match each cause to what it supplied. · 把每项成因与它所提供之物配对。
Four sentences, and the CED wrote all four causes. · 四句话,而 CED 已把四项成因都写好了。
Explaining a cause
- The objective is simply the causes of the Second Great Awakening, so the whole answer is the four-part list plus mechanism.
- For each cause, say what it made possible or necessary — beliefs supplied the form, rationalism the target, the market the disruption, mobility the need.
- Four sentences, and the CED wrote all four causes for you.
解释一项成因
- 这一目标就是第二次大觉醒的成因,因此整个答案就是那份四项清单加上机制。
- 对每一项成因,说出它使什么成为可能或成为必需——信念提供了形式,理性主义提供了靶子,市场提供了扰动,流动性提供了需求。
- 四句话,而 CED 已经把这四项成因都为你写好了。
A person who has moved twice in ten years does not inherit a congregation; they must be persuaded into one. Multiply that by a generation on the move and preaching becomes the most competitive activity in the country.
一个十年里搬过两次家的人,不会继承一个会众;他必须被说服加入某一个。把这乘以整整一代在迁徙中的人,布道就成了这个国家里竞争最激烈的活动。
The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants. Four causes, none sufficient alone: beliefs supplied the form, rationalism the target, the market the disruption, and mobility the need.
民主与个人主义信念的兴起、对理性主义的一种回应、市场革命所造成的社会变化,连同更大的社会与地理流动性,共同促成了新教徒中的第二次大觉醒。四项成因,单独任何一项都不充分:信念提供了形式,理性主义提供了靶子,市场提供了扰动,而流动性提供了需求。