Democrats, Whigs and the Frontier · 民主党人、辉格党和边疆
A second party system, over the same question
- By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.
- The disagreement is the same one 3.10 and 4.2 recorded: the role and powers of the federal government.
- Three concrete issues are named, and each is a case of that one question: a bank, tariffs, and internal improvements.
围绕同一问题的第二个政党体系
- 到 1820 与 1830 年代,新的政党兴起——由安德鲁·杰克逊领导的民主党,以及由亨利·克莱领导的辉格党——它们在联邦政府的作用与权力,以及国家银行、关税与联邦拨款的内部改良等问题上意见相左。
- 这一分歧正是 3.10 与 4.2 所记录的同一个:联邦政府的作用与权力。
- 点出了三个具体问题,而每一个都是那一个问题的一个案例:一家银行、关税,以及内部改良。
Match each party to its leader, per the CED. · 根据CED将每个政党与其领导人匹配。
New parties by the 1820s and 1830s. · 1820年代和1830年代出现的新政党。
Why the same question keeps returning
- 3.9's Constitution created a limited but dynamic centre without fixing where the limit falls.
- Every new economic possibility — a bank, a canal, a tariff — asks the question again, in a new form.
- So the party system is not a series of unrelated fights; it is one boundary being negotiated repeatedly.
同一个问题为何不断返回
- 3.9 的宪法创建了一个有限却富有活力的中央,却没有确定界限落在哪里。
- 每一种新的经济可能——一家银行、一条运河、一项关税——都以新的形式再次提出这个问题。
- 因此这个政党体系不是一连串互不相干的争斗;它是同一条界限被反复协商。
Select all · 所有 three concrete issues the CED names. · 选择CED指出的所有三个具体问题。
Each is a case of the one question about federal power. · 每一项都是关于联邦权力的同一个问题的案例。
The frontier had a position too
- Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.
- Tended to is a careful generalisation, and it links a region to a policy preference just as 4.3 described.
- A sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate are the CED's own terms for what followed.
边疆也有自己的立场
- 边疆定居者倾向于拥护扩张的努力,而美洲印第安人的抵抗导致了一系列战争,以及联邦控制并迁移美洲印第安人口的种种努力。
- 倾向于是一种谨慎的概括,而它把一个地区与一种政策偏好联系起来,正如 4.3 所描述的。
- 一系列战争与联邦控制并迁移的努力,是 CED 自己对随之而来之事的措辞。
A party, a contested issue, or the frontier? · 是一个政党、一个争议议题，还是边疆本身？
Sort each element of the second party system. · 对第二政党体制的每个要素进行排序。
The same question keeps returning because the Constitution... · 同一个问题反复出现，因为宪法……
Every new economic possibility asks it again. · 每一个新的经济可能性都会再次提出这个问题。
The party system is one boundary negotiated repeatedly, not a series of unrelated fights. A bank, tariffs and internal improvements are three cases of the single question 3.9 left open — how much the federal government may do — and the same government's power on the frontier is that question in action.
**这个政党体系是同一条界限被反复协商,不是一连串互不相干的争斗。**银行、关税与内部改良,是 3.9 留下的那一个问题——联邦政府可以做多少——的三个案例,而同一个政府在边疆上的权力,正是那个问题的实际运作。
Frontier settlers ____ to champion expansion efforts — a careful generalisation. · 边疆定居者____支持扩张努力——这是一个谨慎的概括。
It links a region to a policy preference, as 4.3 described. · 它将一个地区与政策偏好联系起来，正如4.3所述。
The two halves of this subtopic connect
- A federal government that funds internal improvements is also a government that can conduct removal.
- So the argument about federal power and the fact of federal action on the frontier are the same subject seen twice.
- 4.4 already listed American Indian removal among the means of hemispheric policy, which makes the link explicit.
本小节的两半是相连的
- 一个为内部改良拨款的联邦政府,同时也是一个能够执行迁移的政府。
- 因此关于联邦权力的争论,与联邦在边疆上的实际行动,是同一个主题被看见了两次。
- 4.4 已经把美洲印第安人迁移列在半球政策的手段之中,这使这层联系变得明确。
A government that can fund internal improvements is also one that can conduct removal. · 能够资助内部改良的政府也能实施强制迁移。
The same subject seen twice. · 同一主题从两个角度审视。
Continuing debates
- The objective is the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.
- Causes: an unfixed constitutional boundary, new economic possibilities, and regional interests (4.3).
- Effects: a second party system, contested federal projects, and federal action on the frontier.
持续的辩论
- 这一目标是1800 至 1848 年间关于联邦政府作用的持续政策辩论的成因与效果。
- 成因:一条未定的宪制界限、新的经济可能,以及地区利益(4.3)。
- 效果:第二个政党体系、有争议的联邦项目,以及联邦在边疆上的行动。
Ask whether the nation may charter a bank and you have asked whether it may do anything not written down. Every later question — a road, a tariff, a removal — is the same question wearing different clothes.
问这个国家是否可以特许设立一家银行,你就已经问了它是否可以做任何未被写下之事。后来的每一个问题——一条道路、一项关税、一次迁移——都是同一个问题换了身衣服。
By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.
到 1820 与 1830 年代,新的政党兴起——由安德鲁·杰克逊领导的民主党,以及由亨利·克莱领导的辉格党——它们在联邦政府的作用与权力,以及国家银行、关税与联邦拨款的内部改良等问题上意见相左。 边疆定居者倾向于拥护扩张的努力,而美洲印第安人的抵抗导致了一系列战争,以及联邦控制并迁移美洲印第安人口的种种努力。