The First Experiments · 最初的实验
State constitutions favoured legislatures
- Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
- Two features in one sentence, pointing opposite ways: legislative power widened participation, property qualifications restricted it.
- Maintained is the key verb for the second — the restriction was carried over, not invented.
各州宪法偏向立法机关
- 许多新的州宪法把权力交到立法部门手中,并保留了投票与公民身份的财产资格限制。
- 一句话里有两项特征,指向相反的方向:立法权力扩大了参与,财产资格则限制了它。
- 保留了是第二项的关键动词——这项限制是被沿用下来的,不是被发明出来的。
Select both · 两者 features of many new state constitutions. · 选择许多新州宪法的两个特征。
Two features pointing opposite ways. · 两个指向相反方向的特征。
The Articles: unity with limited power
- The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power.
- After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government.
- Five named difficulties — and each one is a thing a weak centre cannot do, which is the argument for 3.8.
《邦联条例》:权力有限的联合
- 《邦联条例》把新独立的各州联合起来,建立了一个权力有限的中央政府。
- 革命之后,国际贸易、财政、州际商业、外交关系与内部动乱等方面的困难,导致了对一个更强中央政府的呼声。
- 五项被点名的困难——而每一项都是一个软弱的中央无法处理之事,这正是通向 3.8 的论证。
Select all · 所有 the difficulties that led to calls for a stronger centre. · 选择所有导致呼吁加强中央集权的困难。
Each is a thing a weak centre cannot do. · 每一项都是软弱中央政府无法做到的事。
The Northwest Ordinance did three things
- As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
- A procedure for admitting new states is a constitutional design decision: the republic is built to grow.
- And the CED names three substantive provisions, of which the ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory is the most consequential for later units.
《西北法令》做了三件事
- 随着定居者在 1780 年代西迁,国会颁行了《西北法令》以接纳新州;该法令促进公共教育、保护私有财产,并在西北领地禁止奴隶制。
- 一套接纳新州的程序,是一项宪制设计上的决定:这个共和国被建造成可以生长。
- 而 CED 点出了三项实质条款,其中在西北领地禁止奴隶制对后续各单元最为重要。
State constitutions, the Articles, or the Northwest Ordinance? · 州宪法、邦联条例还是《西北法令》？
Sort each element of the first experiments. · 对每个‘最初实验’的元素进行排序。
Select all · 所有 three provisions of the Northwest Ordinance the CED names. · 选择CED提到的《西北法令》的所有三个条款。
Plus a procedure for admitting new states. · 外加接纳新州的程序。
The Articles were a deliberate design, not an oversight. A generation that had just fought a distant strong government created a central government with limited power on purpose — the five difficulties are evidence about what a weak centre cannot do, and the CED's own frame for the period is experiments.
《邦联条例》是一项有意的设计,不是一次疏忽。刚刚与一个遥远的强势政府作战过的一代人,有意建立了一个权力有限的中央政府——那五项困难是关于软弱的中央无法处理什么的证据,而 CED 为这一时期所选的框架正是实验。
The Articles' limited central power is best described as... · 邦联条例中有限的中央权力最好被描述为...
The CED's frame for the period is 'experiments'. · CED对该时期的框架是‘实验’。
Why the Articles are an experiment, not a failure
- A generation that had just fought a distant strong government designed a weak one on purpose.
- The five difficulties are evidence about what a weak centre cannot do, not evidence that the design was foolish.
- 3.1's word — experiments — is the frame the CED chose, and using it keeps the analysis honest.
《邦联条例》为何是一次实验,而不是一次失败
- 刚刚与一个遥远的强势政府作战过的一代人,有意设计了一个软弱的政府。
- 那五项困难是关于软弱的中央无法处理什么的证据,而不是这一设计愚蠢的证据。
- 3.1 的那个词——实验——是 CED 所选择的框架,而使用它可以让分析保持诚实。
A procedure for admitting new states means the republic was built to ____. · 接纳新州的程序意味着共和国是为____而建的。
A constitutional design decision. · 一项宪法设计决策。
Forms of government developing and changing
- The objective is how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.
- Developed: state constitutions favouring legislatures, a confederation with limited power, and a procedure for growth.
- Changed: five difficulties produced calls for a stronger centre, which 3.8 and 3.9 answer.
政府形式的发展与变化
- 这一目标是不同的政府形式如何因革命时期而发展与变化。
- 发展:偏向立法机关的各州宪法、一个权力有限的邦联,以及一套供成长使用的程序。
- 变化:五项困难产生了对更强中央的呼声,而 3.8 与 3.9 对此作出回答。
Ask a builder who has just escaped a fire to design a house and you will get one with many doors. It is not a bad house; it is a house shaped by the last emergency, and it will be tested by a different one.
让一个刚刚从火灾中逃生的建造者来设计房子,你会得到一栋门很多的房子。那不是一栋糟糕的房子;它是被上一次紧急状况所塑造的房子,而它将被另一种紧急状况所考验。
Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power, and difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. The Northwest Ordinance provided for admitting new states and promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
许多新的州宪法把权力交到立法部门手中,并保留了投票与公民身份的财产资格限制。 《邦联条例》把新独立的各州联合起来,建立了一个权力有限的中央政府,而国际贸易、财政、州际商业、外交关系与内部动乱等方面的困难,导致了对一个更强中央政府的呼声。《西北法令》规定了接纳新州的办法,并促进公共教育、保护私有财产,并在西北领地禁止奴隶制。