Random Variables · 随机变量
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| random variable/ˈrændəm ˈveərɪəbl/ | 随机变量 | suí jī biàn liàng |
| probability distribution/ˌprɒbəˈbɪlɪti ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 概率分布 | gài lǜ fēn bù |
| discrete random variable/dɪˈskriːt ˈrændəm ˈveərɪəbl/ | 离散随机变量 | lí sàn suí jī biàn liàng |
| continuous random variable/kənˈtɪnjuːəs ˈrændəm ˈveərɪəbl/ | 连续随机变量 | lián xù suí jī biàn liàng |
A number that depends on chance
- A random variable 随机变量 assigns a number to each outcome of a chance process.
- Example: $X =$ the number of heads in $3$ coin flips.
- Its value is decided by randomness, so it has a probability distribution.
- Random variables let us do arithmetic with chance.
一个取决于机会的数
- 随机变量给一个机会过程的每个结果赋一个数。
- 例如:$X =$ 抛 $3$ 次硬币中正面的个数。
- 它的取值由随机性决定,所以它有一个概率分布。
- 随机变量让我们能对机会做算术。
Discrete vs. continuous
- A discrete random variable 离散随机变量 takes countable, separate values ($0, 1, 2, \dots$).
- A continuous random variable 连续随机变量 can take any value in an interval (heights, times).
- Count → discrete; measure on a scale → continuous.
- This unit focuses on discrete distributions (a table of values and probabilities).
离散与连续
- 离散随机变量取可数、分离的值($0, 1, 2, \dots$)。
- 连续随机变量可取某个区间内的任意值(身高、时间)。
- 计数 → 离散;在刻度上测量 → 连续。
- 本单元聚焦离散分布(一张取值与概率的表)。
The probability distribution
- A probability distribution 概率分布 lists each value $x$ with its probability $P(x)$.
- Two rules make it valid: each $0 \le P(x) \le 1$, and all the $P(x)$ sum to $1$.
- It can be shown as a table or a bar-style graph.
- The distribution is the complete description of the random variable.
概率分布
- 概率分布把每个取值 $x$ 与它的概率 $P(x)$ 列在一起。
- 两条规则使它有效:每个 $0 \le P(x) \le 1$,且所有 $P(x)$ 之和为 $1$。
- 它可以用表格或条形图来展示。
- 这个分布就是对随机变量的完整描述。
Probabilities of events
- To find $P(X \ge 2)$ or $P(X = 1)$, just add the relevant $P(x)$ values.
- "$X$ at least $2$" = $P(2) + P(3) + \cdots$.
- "$X$ between" = sum the probabilities in that range.
- Every event probability is a sum of the listed pieces.
事件的概率
- 要求 $P(X \ge 2)$ 或 $P(X = 1)$,只需把相关的 $P(x)$ 值相加。
- “$X$ 至少为 $2$” = $P(2) + P(3) + \cdots$。
- “$X$ 介于……之间” = 把那个范围内的概率相加。
- 每个事件的概率都是所列各部分之和。
A probability distribution must have all $P(x)$ in $[0,1]$ summing to exactly $1$ — if a table's probabilities don't total $1$, it isn't valid. And keep discrete vs. continuous straight: you count a discrete variable (number of heads) but measure a continuous one (a person's exact height) — the tools differ.
概率分布必须让所有 $P(x)$ 都在 $[0,1]$ 内且总和恰好为 $1$——如果一张表的概率加起来不是 $1$,它就无效。并且要分清离散与连续:你数一个离散变量(正面的个数),却测量一个连续变量(一个人确切的身高)——所用的工具不同。
$X =$ heads in $2$ fair flips. Distribution: $P(0)=0.25,\ P(1)=0.5,\ P(2)=0.25$.
- Valid? All in $[0,1]$ and $0.25+0.5+0.25 = 1$. ✓
- $P(X \ge 1) = P(1) + P(2) = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75$.
- $P(X = 2) = 0.25$ — exactly two heads.
$X =$ 抛 $2$ 次均匀硬币中正面的个数。分布:$P(0)=0.25,\ P(1)=0.5,\ P(2)=0.25$。
- **有效吗?**都在 $[0,1]$ 内,且 $0.25+0.5+0.25 = 1$。✓
- $P(X \ge 1) = P(1) + P(2) = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75$。
- $P(X = 2) = 0.25$——恰好两个正面。
A random variable assigns a number to each outcome. A discrete one takes countable values; a continuous one takes any value in an interval. Its probability distribution lists $P(x)$ with each in $[0,1]$ summing to $1$; event probabilities like $P(X\ge 2)$ are sums of the relevant $P(x)$.
随机变量给每个结果赋一个数。离散的取可数值;连续的取某区间内任意值。它的概率分布列出 $P(x)$,每个都在 $[0,1]$ 内且总和为 $1$;像 $P(X\ge 2)$ 这样的事件概率是相关 $P(x)$ 之和。
A discrete probability distribution · 一个离散概率分布
Each bar is P(x); the bars sum to 1. · 每根条是 P(x);各条之和为 1。
The number of heads in 3 coin flips is which kind of random variable? · 抛 3 次硬币中正面的个数是哪种随机变量?
It takes countable separate values (0,1,2,3) — discrete. · 它取可数、分离的值(0,1,2,3)——离散。
In a valid probability distribution, the probabilities must sum to 1. · 在一个有效的概率分布中,各概率之和必须为 1。
All P(x) in [0,1] and summing to exactly 1. · 所有 P(x) 都在 [0,1] 内且总和恰好为 1。
X = heads in 2 flips: P(0)=0.25, P(1)=0.5, P(2)=0.25. Find P(X ≥ 1). · X = 抛 2 次中的正面数:P(0)=0.25,P(1)=0.5,P(2)=0.25。求 P(X ≥ 1)。
P(1)+P(2) = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75. · P(1)+P(2) = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75。
A person's exact height is which kind of variable? · 一个人确切的身高是哪种变量?
Height is measured on a scale — continuous. · 身高在刻度上测量——连续。
A rule assigning a number to each outcome of a chance process is a ___ variable. · 给机会过程每个结果赋一个数的规则是 ___ 变量(填英文一词 random)。
That's the definition of a random variable. · 这就是随机变量的定义。