Categories of Disorders · 障碍类别
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Neurodevelopmental disorders/ˌnjuːrəʊdˈveləpmentl dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 神经发育障碍 | shén jīng fā yù zhàng ài |
| Schizophrenic spectrum disorders/ˌskɪtsəˈfrenɪk ˈspektrəm dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 精神分裂症谱系障碍 | jīng shén fēn liè zhèng pǔ xì zhàng ài |
| delusions/dɪˈluːʒnz/ | 妄想 | wàng xiǎng |
| hallucinations/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃnz/ | 幻觉 | huàn jué |
| Depressive disorders/dɪˈpresɪv dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 抑郁障碍 | yì yù zhàng ài |
| Bipolar disorders/baɪˈpəʊlə dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 双相障碍 | shuāng xiāng zhàng ài |
| mania/ˈmeɪnɪə/ | 躁狂 | zào kuáng |
| Anxiety disorders/æŋˈzaɪəti dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 焦虑障碍 | jiāo lǜ zhàng ài |
| Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders/ɒbˈsesɪv kəmˈpʌlsɪv ænd rɪˈleɪtɪd dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 强迫及相关障碍 | qiǎng pò jí xiāng guān zhàng ài |
| obsessions/ɒbˈseʃnz/ | 强迫思维 | qiǎng pò sī wéi |
| compulsions/kəmˈpʌlʃnz/ | 强迫行为 | qiǎng pò xíng wéi |
| Dissociative disorders/dɪˈsəʊsɪətɪv dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 分离障碍 | fēn lí zhàng ài |
| Trauma and stressor-related disorders/ˈtrɔːmə ænd ˈstresə rɪˈleɪtɪd dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 创伤及应激相关障碍 | chuāng shāng jí yīng jī xiāng guān zhàng ài |
| Personality disorders/ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪti dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 人格障碍 | rén gé zhàng ài |
| Feeding and eating disorders/ˈfiːdɪŋ ænd ˈiːtɪŋ dɪˈsɔːdəz/ | 进食障碍 | jìn shí zhàng ài |
Categories defined by what they have in common
- The disorders in a category share a defining feature, not a cause.
- That is why one category can have many proposed causes at once.
- Learn the defining feature first; the causes attach to it afterwards.
以共同点来界定的类别
- 同一类别中的各种障碍共有的是一个界定性特征,而不是一个成因。
- 这正是同一类别可以同时有多种被提出的成因的原因。
- 先记住界定性特征;成因随后再挂上去。
Neurodevelopmental and schizophrenic spectrum
- Neurodevelopmental disorders 神经发育障碍 have onset during the developmental period; causes may be environmental, physiological or genetic.
- Schizophrenic spectrum disorders 精神分裂症谱系障碍 are characterised by issues in one or more of five areas: delusions 妄想, hallucinations 幻觉, disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour and negative symptoms.
- Proposed causes for the second include genetic and biological links such as prenatal virus exposure or neurotransmitter imbalance.
神经发育障碍与精神分裂症谱系
- 神经发育障碍(neurodevelopmental disorders)在发育期起病;成因可能是环境、生理或遗传方面的。
- 精神分裂症谱系障碍(schizophrenic spectrum disorders)的特征是在五个方面中的一个或多个存在问题:妄想(delusions)、幻觉(hallucinations)、言语紊乱、行为紊乱与阴性症状。
- 后者被提出的成因包括遗传与生物学联系,如产前病毒暴露或神经递质失衡。
Select all · 所有 the areas that characterise schizophrenic spectrum disorders. · 选择所有能描述精神分裂症谱系障碍的特征领域。
Mania belongs to bipolar disorders, not the schizophrenic spectrum. · 躁狂属于双相障碍，而非精神分裂症谱系障碍。
Mood and anxiety
- Depressive disorders 抑郁障碍 involve sad, empty or irritable mood with physical and cognitive changes.
- Bipolar disorders 双相障碍 involve periods of mania 躁狂 and periods of depression.
- Anxiety disorders 焦虑障碍 involve excessive fear or anxiety with related disturbances to behaviour.
心境与焦虑
- 抑郁障碍(depressive disorders)表现为悲伤、空虚或易激惹的心境,并伴有生理与认知方面的变化。
- 双相障碍(bipolar disorders)表现为躁狂(mania)期与抑郁期交替出现。
- 焦虑障碍(anxiety disorders)表现为过度的恐惧或焦虑,并伴有相关的行为紊乱。
Which category's defining feature? · 哪个类别的定义特征？
Match each defining feature to its category. · 将每个定义特征与其所属类别相匹配。
The defining feature of bipolar disorders is... · 双相情感障碍的定义特征是……
Mania is what distinguishes bipolar from a depressive disorder. · 躁狂是区分双相障碍与抑郁障碍的关键。
Do not use a diagnostic term casually or apply it to yourself or others from a description. The CED states that diagnosis requires specialised training and evidence-based tools — these categories are for understanding research, not for labelling people.
不要随意使用诊断术语,也不要凭一段描述给自己或他人贴标签。CED 指出诊断需要专门训练与循证工具——这些类别是用于理解研究的,不是用来给人贴标签的。
Intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorders are called . · 强迫症中的侵入性思维被称为。
Obsessions are the thoughts; compulsions are the repetitive behaviours. · 强迫观念指思维；强迫行为指重复性行为。
Match each category to what it requires. · 将每个类别与其所需条件相匹配。
Each category is defined by a feature, and the causes attach to the feature afterwards. · 每个类别由一个特征定义，随后病因与该特征相关联。
Obsessive-compulsive, dissociative and trauma-related
- Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 强迫及相关障碍 involve obsessions 强迫思维 (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions 强迫行为 (repetitive behaviours).
- Dissociative disorders 分离障碍 involve dissociation from consciousness, memory, identity or perception.
- Trauma and stressor-related disorders 创伤及应激相关障碍 require exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.
强迫、分离与创伤相关障碍
- 强迫及相关障碍(obsessive-compulsive and related disorders)涉及强迫思维(obsessions,侵入性想法)与强迫行为(compulsions,重复行为)。
- 分离障碍(dissociative disorders)涉及与意识、记忆、身份或知觉的分离。
- 创伤及应激相关障碍(trauma and stressor-related disorders)要求曾暴露于创伤性或应激性事件。
Personality disorders fall into three clusters. · 人格障碍分为三个群集。
They involve enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour, grouped into three clusters. · 它们涉及持久的内在体验与行为模式，并分为三个群集。
Eating and personality disorders
- Feeding and eating disorders 进食障碍 involve altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health.
- Personality disorders 人格障碍 fall into three clusters and involve enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour.
- For most categories the CED gives the same list of possible causes: biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioural or cognitive.
进食障碍与人格障碍
- 进食障碍(feeding and eating disorders)涉及损害健康的进食或吸收改变。
- 人格障碍(personality disorders)分为三个组群,涉及持久的内心体验与行为模式。
- 对多数类别,CED 给出的是同一份可能成因清单:生物、遗传、社会、文化、行为或认知方面的。
Two people both avoid crowded places. One does so after a traumatic event and re-experiences it — trauma and stressor-related. The other has intrusive thoughts and performs a repetitive routine before leaving — obsessive-compulsive. The same visible behaviour, two different defining features.
两个人都回避拥挤场所。一人是在一次创伤性事件之后如此,并会重新体验该事件——属于创伤与应激相关。另一人有侵入性想法,出门前会执行一套重复程序——属于强迫。同样可见的行为,界定性特征却截然不同。
Each category is defined by a shared feature, not a shared cause. Schizophrenic spectrum covers five areas including delusions and hallucinations; bipolar requires periods of mania; obsessive-compulsive requires obsessions and compulsions; trauma-related requires an event. Causes are usually listed as biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioural or cognitive.
每个类别由共有特征而非共有成因界定。精神分裂症谱系涵盖五个方面,包括妄想与幻觉;双相障碍要求有躁狂期;强迫障碍要求有强迫思维与强迫行为;创伤相关障碍要求有相应事件。成因通常被列为生物、遗传、社会、文化、行为或认知方面的。