Social-Cognitive and Trait Personality · 社会认知与特质人格
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| reciprocal determinism/rɪˈsɪprəkl dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪzəm/ | 交互决定论 | jiāo hù jué dìng lùn |
| Social-cognitive theory/ˈsəʊʃl ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈθɪəri/ | 社会认知理论 | shè huì rèn zhī lǐ lùn |
| Trait theories/treɪt ˈθɪəriz/ | 特质理论 | tè zhì lǐ lùn |
| enduring characteristics/enˈdjʊərɪŋ ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪks/ | 持久特征 | chí jiǔ tè zhēng |
| Big Five/bɪɡ faɪv/ | 大五人格 | dà wǔ rén gé |
| agreeableness/əˈɡriːəbəlnəs/ | 宜人性 | yí rén xìng |
| openness to experience/ˈəʊpənnəs tʊ ekˈspɪərɪəns/ | 开放性 | kāi fàng xìng |
| extraversion/ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃn/ | 外向性 | wài xiàng xìng |
| conscientiousness/ˌkɒnsɪˈenʃəsnəs/ | 尽责性 | jìn zé xìng |
| emotional stability/ɪˈməʊʃənl stəˈbɪlɪti/ | 情绪稳定性 | qíng xù wěn dìng xìng |
Your situation shapes you, and you choose your situations
- A shy person avoids parties, so gets less practice, so stays shy.
- The person and the environment are not two separate causes — each keeps producing the other.
- That loop is the core idea of the social-cognitive account.
情境塑造你,而你选择情境
- 害羞的人回避聚会,因而缺少练习,于是继续害羞。
- 个人与环境并不是两个彼此分离的原因——它们不断相互产生。
- 这个循环正是社会认知解释的核心观念。
Reciprocal determinism
- Social-cognitive theory 社会认知理论 explains personality through reciprocal determinism 交互决定论.
- Three things influence each other continuously: the person, their behaviour and the environment.
- No single arrow is the cause; the pattern is maintained by the loop.
交互决定论
- 社会认知理论(social-cognitive theory)通过交互决定论(reciprocal determinism)解释人格。
- 三样东西持续相互影响:个人、其行为与环境。
- 没有哪一根箭头是原因;这一模式由整个循环所维持。
The social-cognitive idea that person, behaviour and environment influence each other is ____ determinism. · 社会认知的观点认为人、行为和环境相互影响，这称为____决定论。
Reciprocal determinism treats the pattern as maintained by a loop, not caused by one factor. · 交互决定论将该模式视为由循环维持，而非由单一因素导致。
Trait theories
- Trait theories 特质理论 hold that personality is a set of enduring characteristics 持久特征.
- Those characteristics lead to characteristic patterns of behaviour across situations.
- Where social-cognitive theory studies a loop, trait theory measures a level.
特质理论
- 特质理论(trait theories)认为人格是一组持久特征(enduring characteristics)。
- 这些特征导致跨情境的特有行为模式。
- 社会认知理论研究的是一个循环,特质理论测量的则是一个水平。
Which account of personality? · 哪种人格观点？
Sort each idea by the theory it comes from. · 按理论来源对每个观点进行分类。
A trait is a dimension, not a box. Saying someone "is an extravert" treats a continuous measure as a category — the Big Five places everyone somewhere on all five scales at once.
特质是维度,不是格子。说某人"是个外向者"是把连续测量当成了类别——大五人格把每个人同时定位在五个量表之上。
Select all · 所有 that are Big Five dimensions. · 选择所有属于大五维度的选项。
Intelligence is measured separately; it is not one of the five personality dimensions. · 智力是单独测量的；它不属于五种人格维度之一。
The Big Five treats each factor as a category you either belong to or do not. · 大五人格将每个因素视为一个类别，你要么属于它，要么不属于。
Each is a dimension — everyone has a position on all five at once. · 每个都是维度——每个人同时在五个维度上都占据一个位置。
The Big Five
- The Big Five 大五人格 are agreeableness 宜人性, openness to experience 开放性, extraversion 外向性, conscientiousness 尽责性 and emotional stability 情绪稳定性.
- Each is a dimension, not a category — everyone has a position on all five.
- The model is descriptive: it says what varies, not why.
大五人格
- 大五人格(Big Five)是宜人性(agreeableness)、开放性(openness to experience)、外向性(extraversion)、尽责性(conscientiousness)与情绪稳定性(emotional stability)。
- 每一项都是维度而非类别——每个人在五个维度上都有一个位置。
- 该模型是描述性的:它说明什么在变化,而不说明为何变化。
A question asking how a shy person's shyness is maintained over years is best answered by... · 询问害羞的人的害羞是如何在多年中维持的问题，最好用……回答。
"How is it maintained" is a question about the loop · 循环的示例, which is social-cognitive. · “如何维持”是关于循环的问题，属于社会认知范畴。
Match each theory to what it measures or describes. · 将每种理论与其测量或描述的内容匹配。
A level, a loop, and the five dimensions the level is measured on. · 一个水平、一个循环，以及用于衡量该水平的五个维度。
Choosing between the accounts
- If a question asks why behaviour is consistent, trait theory answers with a level.
- If it asks how a pattern is maintained, social-cognitive theory answers with a loop.
- Naming which question is being asked is what a strong answer does first.
在两种解释之间作选择
- 如果题目问行为为何一致,特质理论用一个水平来回答。
- 如果题目问某一模式如何得以维持,社会认知理论用一个循环来回答。
- 有力的答案首先要做的,就是点明题目问的是哪一个问题。
A student low in conscientiousness leaves work late, gets poorer results, and concludes she is "bad at this subject" — so prepares less next time. The trait describes the starting level; reciprocal determinism explains why the pattern deepens.
一名尽责性较低的学生把作业拖到最后,成绩不佳,于是断定自己"学不好这门课"——下次便准备得更少。特质描述的是起始水平;交互决定论解释了这一模式为何不断加深。
Social-cognitive theory explains personality through reciprocal determinism — person, behaviour and environment influencing each other. Trait theories describe enduring characteristics, and the Big Five gives five dimensions on which everyone has a position.
社会认知理论通过交互决定论解释人格——个人、行为与环境相互影响。特质理论描述持久特征,而大五人格给出五个维度,每个人在其上都有一个位置。