Storing Memories · 记忆存储
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Sensory memory/ˈsensəri ˈmeməri/ | 感觉记忆 | gǎn jué jì yì |
| Short-term memory/ʃɔːt tɜːm ˈmeməri/ | 短时记忆 | duǎn shí jì yì |
| Working memory/ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈmeməri/ | 工作记忆 | gōng zuò jì yì |
| Long-term memory/lɒŋ tɜːm ˈmeməri/ | 长时记忆 | zhǎng shí jì yì |
| Maintenance rehearsal/ˈmeɪntənəns rɪˈhɜːsl/ | 保持性复述 | bǎo chí xìng fù shù |
| Elaborative rehearsal/ɪˈlæbrətɪv rɪˈhɜːsl/ | 精细复述 | jīng xì fù shù |
| highly superior autobiographical memory/ˈhaɪli suːˈpɪərɪə ˌɔːtəʊˌbaɪəˈɡræfɪkl ˈmeməri/ | 超常自传体记忆 | chāo cháng zì zhuàn tǐ jì yì |
| Amnesia/æmˈniːzɪə/ | 遗忘症 | yí wàng zhèng |
| anterograde/ænˈtɪərəɡreɪd/ | 顺行性 | shùn xíng xìng |
| retrograde/ˌretrəʊˈɡreɪd/ | 逆行性 | nì xíng xìng |
| Alzheimer's disease/ˈæltsaɪməz dɪˈziːz/ | 阿尔茨海默病 | ā ěr cí hǎi mò bìng |
| infantile amnesia/ˈɪnfəntaɪl æmˈniːzɪə/ | 婴儿期遗忘 | yīng ér qī yí wàng |
Three stores, three very different capacities
- A phone number survives a few seconds unless you do something with it.
- Your name survives a lifetime with no effort at all.
- Those are different stores, and they differ in duration and capacity.
三种存储,三种截然不同的容量
- 一个电话号码若不加处理,只能维持几秒。
- 你的名字则毫不费力地伴随一生。
- 这是不同的存储,它们在持续时间与容量上都不同。
The four stores
- Sensory memory 感觉记忆 holds a very brief, very large trace.
- Short-term memory 短时记忆 holds a few items for a few seconds.
- Working memory 工作记忆 actively manipulates what short-term memory holds.
- Long-term memory 长时记忆 has no known practical limit on capacity or duration.
四种存储
- 感觉记忆(sensory memory)保存极短暂、极大量的痕迹。
- 短时记忆(short-term memory)把少数几项保持数秒。
- 工作记忆(working memory)主动操作短时记忆所保持的内容。
- 长时记忆(long-term memory)在容量与持续时间上没有已知的实际上限。
Which memory store? · 属于哪种记忆存储？
Sort each description by the store it describes. · 根据每种描述所属的存储系统进行分类。
Short-term memory and working memory mean exactly the same thing. · 短时记忆和工作记忆完全相同。
Short-term memory is a store; working memory is the activity performed on its contents. · 短时记忆是一种存储；工作记忆是对其实质内容进行操作的活动。
Two kinds of rehearsal
- Maintenance rehearsal 保持性复述 repeats information to hold it where it is.
- Elaborative rehearsal 精细复述 connects it to what you already know.
- Only the second reliably moves material into long-term storage — repetition holds, meaning transfers.
两种复述
- 保持性复述(maintenance rehearsal)通过重复把信息留在原处。
- 精细复述(elaborative rehearsal)把它与你已知的内容连接起来。
- 只有后者能可靠地把材料转入长时储存——重复只是保持,意义才带来转移。
Which rehearsal reliably moves material into long-term memory? · 哪种复述能可靠地将材料转入长时记忆？
Elaborative rehearsal connects new material to what you know; repetition alone only holds. · 精细复述将新信息与已知知识联系起来；单纯的重复只能暂时保持。
Short-term and working memory are not interchangeable. Short-term memory is a store — how much is held and for how long. Working memory is activity — what the mind is doing with it. Use the term the question is actually about.
短时记忆与工作记忆不可互换。短时记忆是一种存储——保持多少、保持多久。工作记忆是活动——心智正在对它做什么。要使用题目真正涉及的那个术语。
Match each store to its characteristic. · 将每种存储与其特征相匹配。
Duration and capacity are what distinguish the stores. · 持续时间和容量是区分存储系统的依据。
Unusually good memory
- Some people show highly superior autobiographical memory 超常自传体记忆.
- They recall the events of individual days across decades.
- The CED's point is that this may indicate biological differences in how memory is stored.
异常出色的记忆
- 有些人表现出超常自传体记忆(highly superior autobiographical memory)。
- 他们能回忆起跨越数十年间某些具体日子的事件。
- CED 的要点是,这可能表明记忆储存方式上存在生物学差异。
Being unable to form new long-term memories is ____ amnesia. · 无法形成新的长时记忆被称为____遗忘症。
Anterograde blocks new memories; retrograde blocks access to old ones. · 顺行性阻断新记忆的形成；逆行性阻断对旧记忆的提取。
Select all · 所有 the storage failures the CED names. · 选择CED列出的所有存储失败。
The spacing effect is an encoding finding, not a storage failure. · 间隔效应是一项编码发现，而非存储失败。
When storage fails
- Storage can be impaired physically or by developmental limits.
- Amnesia 遗忘症 comes in two directions: anterograde 顺行性 (cannot form new memories) and retrograde 逆行性 (cannot reach old ones).
- Alzheimer's disease 阿尔茨海默病 and infantile amnesia 婴儿期遗忘 are the CED's other named cases.
储存失效时
- 储存可能因身体损伤或发育限制而受损。
- 遗忘症(amnesia)有两个方向:顺行性(anterograde,无法形成新记忆)与逆行性(retrograde,无法触及旧记忆)。
- 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease)与婴儿期遗忘(infantile amnesia)是 CED 点名的另外两个案例。
A patient with anterograde amnesia greets the same visitor as a stranger every morning, yet can still recall his childhood in detail. New storage has failed; old storage is intact — which is why the two directions must be named separately.
一位顺行性遗忘症患者每天早上都把同一位来访者当作陌生人,却仍能详细回忆自己的童年。新的储存失效了,旧的储存完好——这正是两个方向必须分别命名的原因。
Sensory, short-term, working and long-term memory differ in duration and capacity. Maintenance rehearsal holds, elaborative rehearsal transfers. Anterograde and retrograde amnesia fail in opposite directions.
感觉记忆、短时记忆、工作记忆与长时记忆在持续时间与容量上各不相同。保持性复述用于保持,精细复述用于转移。顺行性与逆行性遗忘症在相反的方向上失效。