Introduction to Memory · 记忆导论
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Explicit/ekˈsplɪsɪt/ | 外显 | wài xiǎn |
| episodic/ˌepɪˈsɒdɪk/ | 情景 | qíng jǐng |
| semantic/səˈmæntɪk/ | 语义 | yǔ yì |
| Implicit/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ | 内隐 | nèi yǐn |
| procedural/prəˈsiːdʒərəl/ | 程序性 | chéng xù xìng |
| Long-term potentiation/lɒŋ tɜːm pəˌtenʃɪˈeɪʃn/ | 长时程增强 | zhǎng shí chéng zēng qiáng |
| multi-store model/ˈmʌlti stɔː ˈmɒdl/ | 多重存储模型 | duō zhòng cún chǔ mó xíng |
| sensory memory/ˈsensəri ˈmeməri/ | 感觉记忆 | gǎn jué jì yì |
| iconic/aɪˈkɒnɪk/ | 图像记忆 | tú xiàng jì yì |
| echoic/eˈkəʊɪk/ | 声像记忆 | shēng xiàng jì yì |
| working memory model/ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈmeməri ˈmɒdl/ | 工作记忆模型 | gōng zuò jì yì mó xíng |
| levels of processing model/ˈlevlz ɒv ˈprəʊsesɪŋ ˈmɒdl/ | 加工水平模型 | jiā gōng shuǐ píng mó xíng |
| structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ | 结构 | jié gòu |
| phonemic/fɒˈnemɪk/ | 音位 | yīn wèi |
You can ride a bicycle but not describe how
- Some memories can be put into words; others can only be performed.
- That is the first clue that memory is not one system.
- This topic names the systems and the models that describe them.
你会骑自行车,却说不出怎么骑
- 有些记忆可以说出来;另一些只能做出来。
- 这是记忆并非单一系统的第一条线索。
- 本节列出这些系统,以及描述它们的各种模型。
Kinds of memory
- Explicit 外显 memories can be consciously stated: episodic 情景 (events) and semantic 语义 (facts).
- Implicit 内隐 memories cannot: procedural 程序性 skills and conditioned responses.
- Memories differ by how they are processed, stored and retrieved — not by how important they feel.
记忆的种类
- 外显(explicit)记忆可以被有意识地陈述:情景(episodic,事件)与语义(semantic,事实)。
- 内隐(implicit)记忆则不能:程序性(procedural)技能与条件反应。
- 记忆的差异在于它们如何被加工、储存与提取——而不在于感觉上有多重要。
Explicit or implicit? · 显式还是隐式？
Sort each memory by whether it can be consciously stated. · 根据是否能被有意识地陈述对每种记忆进行分类。
Select all · 所有 that are explicit memories. · 选择所有外显记忆。
Riding a bicycle is procedural, and procedural memories are implicit. · 骑自行车属于程序性记忆，而程序性记忆是内隐的。
What a memory is, physically
- Long-term potentiation 长时程增强 is the process by which synaptic connections strengthen with repeated firing.
- It is the biological account of why practice works.
- A memory is a changed connection, not an object stored somewhere.
记忆在物理上是什么
- 长时程增强(long-term potentiation)是突触连接因反复发放而增强的过程。
- 它是关于练习为何有效的生物学解释。
- 记忆是一种被改变的连接,而不是储存在某处的一件物品。
Long-term potentiation refers to... · 长时程增强指的是……
LTP is the biological account of why repeated practice makes a memory stick. · LTP解释了为何反复练习能使记忆牢固保留。
The three memory models are not rivals to be ranked. The CED presents them as different descriptions of the same system, and an answer that says one is "correct" and the others "wrong" has misread what a model is for.
这三种记忆模型不是需要排出高下的竞争者。CED 把它们呈现为对同一系统的不同描述,而声称其中一个"正确"、其余"错误"的答案,误解了模型的用途。
Order the levels of processing from shallowest to deepest. · 按加工深度从浅到深排序。
Deeper processing produces the more durable memory, which is why meaning beats repetition. · 深层加工产生更持久的记忆，这就是为什么意义胜过单纯重复。
Brief sensory memory for sound is called ____ memory. · 短暂的感觉记忆，针对声音的称为____记忆。
Echoic memory holds sound; iconic memory holds a visual image. · 声像记忆储存声音；图像记忆储存视觉影像。
Three models of the same thing
- The multi-store model 多重存储模型 proposes sensory memory 感觉记忆 (including iconic 图像记忆 and echoic 声像记忆), short-term and long-term stores.
- The working memory model 工作记忆模型 treats the primary system as active, not a passive store.
- The levels of processing model 加工水平模型 says depth matters: structural 结构 (shallowest), phonemic 音位, then semantic 语义 (deepest).
同一事物的三种模型
- 多重存储模型(multi-store model)提出感觉记忆(sensory memory,包括图像记忆(iconic)与声像记忆(echoic))、短时与长时存储。
- 工作记忆模型(working memory model)把主要系统视为主动的,而非被动的存储。
- 加工水平模型(levels of processing model)认为深度很重要:结构(structural,最浅)、音位(phonemic),再到语义(semantic,最深)。
The CED presents the three memory models as rivals, one of which is correct. · CED将三种记忆模型呈现为相互竞争的关系，其中只有一种是正确的。
They are different descriptions of the same system, each useful for a different question. · 它们是对同一系统的不同描述，各自适用于不同的问题。
Choosing which model to use
- Use the multi-store model when a question is about where information sits and for how long.
- Use the working memory model when it is about what the mind is doing with information right now.
- Use levels of processing when it is about why one study method beat another.
选择使用哪个模型
- 当题目问信息位于何处、停留多久时,用多重存储模型。
- 当题目问心智此刻正在对信息做什么时,用工作记忆模型。
- 当题目问为何某种学习方法胜过另一种时,用加工水平模型。
Two students study the same list. One repeats the words aloud (phonemic), the other writes a sentence using each one (semantic). The second remembers more — not because she worked longer, but because levels of processing predicts deeper encoding lasts.
两名学生学习同一份词表。一个把词大声重复(音位层面),另一个用每个词造一个句子(语义层面)。后者记得更多——不是因为她学得更久,而是因为加工水平模型预测更深的编码更持久。
Memory splits into explicit (episodic, semantic) and implicit (procedural). Long-term potentiation is its physical basis. The multi-store, working memory and levels of processing models each describe the same system from a different angle.
记忆分为外显(情景、语义)与内隐(程序性)。长时程增强是其物理基础。多重存储、工作记忆与加工水平三种模型,各自从不同角度描述同一个系统。