Sensation · 感觉
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Sensation/senˈseɪʃn/ | 感觉 | gǎn jué |
| transduction/trænsˈdʌkʃn/ | 换能 | huàn néng |
| threshold/ˈθreʃəʊld/ | 阈限 | yù xiàn |
| just-noticeable difference/dʒʌst ˈnəʊtɪsəbl ˈdɪfrəns/ | 最小可觉差 | zuì xiǎo kě jué chà |
| Weber's law/ˈwebəz lɔː/ | 韦伯定律 | wéi bó dìng lǜ |
| Sensory adaptation/ˈsensəri ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | 感觉适应 | gǎn jué shì yìng |
| retina/ˈretɪnə/ | 视网膜 | shì wǎng mó |
| visual accommodation/ˈvɪʒuːəl əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ | 视觉调节 | shì jué tiáo jié |
| Rods/rɒdz/ | 视杆细胞 | shì gān xì bāo |
| cones/kəʊnz/ | 视锥细胞 | shì zhuī xì bāo |
| trichromatic theory/ˌtrɪkrəʊˈmætɪk ˈθɪəri/ | 三色理论 | sān sè lǐ lùn |
| opponent-process theory/əˈpəʊnənt ˈprəʊses ˈθɪəri/ | 对立过程理论 | duì lì guò chéng lǐ lùn |
| pitch/pɪtʃ/ | 音高 | yīn gāo |
| loudness/ˈlaʊdnəs/ | 响度 | xiǎng dù |
| Olfaction/ɒlˈfækʃn/ | 嗅觉 | xiù jué |
| gustation/ɡʌˈsteɪʃn/ | 味觉 | wèi jué |
| Gate control theory/ɡeɪt kənˈtrəʊl ˈθɪəri/ | 闸门控制理论 | zhá mén kòng zhì lǐ lùn |
| vestibular sense/veˈstɪbjʊlə sens/ | 前庭觉 | qián tíng jué |
| kinesthesis/ˈkaɪnsθəsɪs/ | 动觉 | dòng jué |
You stop noticing the clock after a minute
- A sound that was obvious becomes unnoticeable while it is still there.
- Your senses are not recording devices — they report change.
- This lesson is about how the body turns physical energy into a signal, and what it discards.
过一分钟你就不再注意到钟声了
- 原本明显的声音,在它仍然存在的同时变得不再被注意。
- 你的感官不是记录装置——它们报告的是变化。
- 本课讲的是身体如何把物理能量转化为信号,以及它舍弃了什么。
Sensation and transduction
- Sensation 感觉 is detecting information from the environment that meets a certain threshold 阈限, and turning it into a neural signal.
- That conversion is transduction 换能.
- Below threshold, the stimulus is present but produces no signal at all.
感觉与换能
- 感觉(sensation)是探测环境中达到某一阈限(threshold)的信息,并把它转化为神经信号。
- 这一转化就是换能(transduction)。
- 在阈限以下,刺激虽然存在,却完全不产生信号。
Converting a physical stimulus into a neural signal is called . · 将物理刺激转换为神经信号的过程称为。
Transduction · 转导 is the conversion step; below threshold no signal is produced at all. · 换能是转换步骤；低于阈值则完全不产生信号。
Detecting change, and stopping
- The just-noticeable difference 最小可觉差 is the smallest change you can detect.
- Weber's law 韦伯定律 says that difference is a proportion of the original, not a fixed amount.
- Sensory adaptation 感觉适应 is the diminished response to an unchanging stimulus — the clock you stop hearing.
察觉变化,以及停止察觉
- 最小可觉差(just-noticeable difference)是你能察觉到的最小变化。
- 韦伯定律(Weber's law)指出,这一差异是原量的一个比例,而不是一个固定量。
- 感觉适应(sensory adaptation)是对不变刺激的反应减弱——就是那口你不再听见的钟。
Weber's law says the just-noticeable difference is... · 韦伯定律指出最小可觉差是…
One spoon of sugar is detectable in a cup and not in a jug — the proportion · 比例 is what matters. · 一勺糖在一杯水中可以被察觉，而在一个水罐中却不行——关键在于比例。
Sensory adaptation is not the same as habituation. Adaptation happens in the sense organ itself — the receptors stop responding. Habituation is a learned drop in response that happens in the brain. The exam distinguishes them.
感觉适应与习惯化不是一回事。适应发生在感觉器官本身——感受器停止反应。习惯化则是发生在大脑中的、习得的反应下降。考试会区分两者。
Which sensory system? · 属于哪个感觉系统？
Sort each structure or term into the sense it belongs to. · 将每个结构或术语按所属感觉进行分类。
The CED says colour vision is explained by the trichromatic theory alone. · CED指出，颜色视觉仅由三原色理论解释。
Colour vision is explained by both · 两者 the trichromatic and the opponent-process theories. · 颜色视觉由三原色理论和对立过程理论两者共同解释。
Vision, in the terms the exam uses
- The retina 视网膜 is the photosensitive surface at the back of the eye; the lens focuses light onto it by visual accommodation 视觉调节.
- Rods 视杆细胞 in the periphery detect shape and movement but not colour; cones 视锥细胞 detect colour and detail.
- Colour vision is explained by both the trichromatic theory 三色理论 and the opponent-process theory 对立过程理论.
以考试所用术语讲视觉
- 视网膜(retina)是眼球后部的感光面;晶状体通过视觉调节(visual accommodation)把光聚焦其上。
- 周边的视杆细胞(rods)探测形状与运动但不辨色;视锥细胞(cones)探测颜色与细节。
- 色觉由三色理论(trichromatic theory)与对立过程理论(opponent-process theory)共同解释。
Select all · 所有 that belong to the body senses rather than vision or hearing. · 选择所有属于躯体感觉而非视觉或听觉的选项。
The retina is part of the visual system; the other three are body senses. · 视网膜是视觉系统的一部分；其余三项属于躯体感觉。
Match each term to the sense it belongs to. · 将每个术语与其所属的感觉相匹配。
Rods and cones code light, place theory codes pitch, and olfaction bypasses the thalamus. · 视杆和视锥细胞编码光线，位置理论编码音高，而嗅觉绕过丘脑。
Hearing, chemistry, touch and balance
- Sound is air movement: wavelength gives pitch 音高 and amplitude gives loudness 响度. Pitch perception is explained by place, volley and frequency theories.
- Olfaction 嗅觉 is the only sense not routed through the thalamus; gustation 味觉 has sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami and oleogustus.
- Gate control theory 闸门控制理论 describes pain being processed in body and brain together.
- The vestibular sense 前庭觉 gives balance; kinesthesis 动觉 gives the sense of your own body's movement.
听觉、化学感觉、触觉与平衡
- 声音是空气的运动:波长给出音高(pitch),振幅给出响度(loudness)。音高知觉由位置、齐射与频率三种理论解释。
- 嗅觉(olfaction)是唯一不经丘脑中转的感觉;味觉(gustation)有甜、酸、咸、苦、鲜与脂味。
- 闸门控制理论(gate control theory)描述疼痛在身体与大脑中共同被加工。
- 前庭觉(vestibular sense)给出平衡;动觉(kinesthesis)给出对自身身体运动的感受。
Add one spoon of sugar to a cup of tea and you taste the difference. Add one spoon to a large jug and you do not. The amount added is identical — what changed is the proportion, which is exactly what Weber's law predicts.
往一杯茶里加一勺糖,你尝得出差别。往一大壶里加一勺,你尝不出。加入的量完全相同——改变的是比例,而这正是韦伯定律所预测的。
Sensation detects stimuli above threshold and transduces them into neural signals. The just-noticeable difference follows Weber's law as a proportion, and sensory adaptation removes unchanging stimuli. Vision uses rods and cones with two colour theories; hearing codes pitch and loudness; and vestibular and kinesthetic senses track balance and body movement.
感觉探测阈限以上的刺激并把它们换能为神经信号。最小可觉差按韦伯定律呈比例关系,而感觉适应滤除不变的刺激。视觉使用视杆细胞与视锥细胞,并有两种色觉理论;听觉编码音高与响度;前庭觉与动觉则追踪平衡与身体运动。