The Brain · 大脑
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| brain stem/breɪn stem/ | 脑干 | nǎo gàn |
| medulla/ˈmedʌlə/ | 延髓 | yán suǐ |
| reticular activating system/reˈtɪkjʊlə ˈæktɪveɪtɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/ | 网状激活系统 | wǎng zhuàng jī huó xì tǒng |
| reward centre/rɪˈwɔːd ˈsentə/ | 奖赏中枢 | jiǎng shǎng zhōng shū |
| cerebellum/ˌserɪˈbeləm/ | 小脑 | xiǎo nǎo |
| procedural learning/prəˈsiːdʒərəl ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | 程序性学习 | chéng xù xìng xué xí |
| cerebral cortex/ˈserɪbrəl ˈkɔːteks/ | 大脑皮层 | dà nǎo pí céng |
| limbic system/ˈlɪmbɪk ˈsɪstəm/ | 边缘系统 | biān yuán xì tǒng |
| hemispheres/ˈhemɪsfɪəz/ | 半球 | bàn qiú |
| thalamus/ˈθælæməs/ | 丘脑 | qiū nǎo |
| hypothalamus/ˌhaɪpəʊˈθælæməs/ | 下丘脑 | xià qiū nǎo |
| pituitary gland/pɪˈtjuːɪtəri ɡlænd/ | 脑垂体 | nǎo chuí tǐ |
| hippocampus/ˈhɪpəkæmpəs/ | 海马体 | hǎi mǎ tǐ |
| amygdala/ˌæmɪɡˈdɑːlə/ | 杏仁核 | xìng rén hé |
| corpus callosum/ˈkɔːpəs ˈkælɒsəm/ | 胼胝体 | pián zhī tǐ |
| Split-brain research/splɪt breɪn rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ | 裂脑研究 | liè nǎo yán jiū |
| Brain plasticity/breɪn plæˈstɪsɪti/ | 大脑可塑性 | dà nǎo kě sù xìng |
| EEG/ˌiː iː ˈdʒiː/ | 脑电图 | nǎo diàn tú |
| fMRI/ef ˌeˌmɑːˈraɪ/ | 功能性磁共振成像 | gōng néng xìng cí gòng zhèn chéng xiàng |
| case studies/keɪs ˈstʌdiz/ | 个案研究 | gè àn yán jiū |
One organ, many jobs, done in different places
- Damage to one part of the brain removes one ability and leaves others intact.
- That is the evidence for localisation — different structures do different jobs.
- This lesson names the structures the exam expects, from the bottom up.
一个器官,多种功能,分处不同部位
- 大脑某一部位受损会失去某一项能力,而其他能力完好。
- 这正是功能定位的证据——不同结构承担不同职能。
- 本课自下而上地列出考试所要求的各个结构。
Keeping you alive
- The brain stem 脑干, including the medulla 延髓, controls basic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
- The reticular activating system 网状激活系统 controls alertness, and the brain's reward centre 奖赏中枢 drives motivated behaviour.
- The cerebellum 小脑 controls coordination, balance and some procedural learning 程序性学习.
维持你的生命
- 脑干(brain stem),包括延髓(medulla),控制呼吸与心率等基本功能。
- 网状激活系统(reticular activating system)控制警觉,而大脑的奖赏中枢(reward centre)驱动动机性行为。
- 小脑(cerebellum)控制协调、平衡与某些程序性学习(procedural learning)。
Breathing and heart rate are controlled mainly by the... · 呼吸和心率主要由…控制
The brain stem, including the medulla, controls basic functioning. · 脑干，包括延髓，控制基本生命功能。
The cerebral cortex and the limbic system
- The cerebral cortex 大脑皮层 is divided into two hemispheres 半球.
- Inside it, the limbic system 边缘系统 includes the thalamus 丘脑, hypothalamus 下丘脑, pituitary gland 脑垂体, hippocampus 海马体 and amygdala 杏仁核.
- The cortex has four lobes, each associated with different processing.
大脑皮层与边缘系统
- 大脑皮层(cerebral cortex)分为两个半球(hemispheres)。
- 其中的边缘系统(limbic system)包括丘脑(thalamus)、下丘脑(hypothalamus)、脑垂体(pituitary gland)、海马体(hippocampus)与杏仁核(amygdala)。
- 皮层有四个脑叶,各自与不同的加工相关联。
Which brain structure does this? · 这个功能由哪个脑结构负责？
Match each job to the structure the CED assigns it to. · 将每个功能与CED分配给它的结构匹配。
Select all · 所有 structures the CED places in the limbic system. · 选择CED将其归入边缘系统的所有结构。
The cerebellum sits below the cortex and is not part of the limbic system. · 小脑位于皮层下方，不属于边缘系统。
Split-brain patients are not evidence that people are "left-brained" or "right-brained". The hemispheres specialise, but in an intact brain the corpus callosum joins them constantly — the popular personality claim is not what the research shows.
裂脑病人并不能证明人分为"左脑型"或"右脑型"。两半球确有分工,但在完整的大脑中,胼胝体始终把它们连在一起——流行的性格说法并不是研究所显示的内容。
Split-brain surgery was developed as a treatment for severe epilepsy. · 裂脑手术最初是作为治疗严重癫痫的手段开发的。
Severing the corpus callosum treated epilepsy; the research findings came afterwards. · 切断胼胝体用于治疗癫痫；相关研究发现是在此之后获得的。
Split-brain research
- Severing the corpus callosum 胼胝体 — often a treatment for severe epilepsy — separates the hemispheres.
- Split-brain research 裂脑研究 on these patients revealed that the hemispheres specialise.
- It is evidence for localisation, obtained from a surgery performed for a different reason.
裂脑研究
- 切断胼胝体(corpus callosum)——常作为重度癫痫的治疗手段——使两半球分离。
- 对这些病人的裂脑研究(split-brain research)揭示了两半球各有分工。
- 这是支持功能定位的证据,而它来自一场出于别的原因进行的手术。
The brain's ability to rewire itself and form new connections is called brain . · 大脑重组自身并形成新连接的能力被称为大脑。
Plasticity operates across development and after damage. · 可塑性贯穿于发育全过程及损伤之后。
Match each research method to what it gives you. · 将每种研究方法与其提供的信息匹配。
EEG gives timing, fMRI gives location, and a case study gives depth on a single person. · EEG提供时间精度，fMRI提供位置信息，个案研究提供针对单一个体的深度。
Plasticity, and how the brain is studied
- Brain plasticity 大脑可塑性 is the brain's ability to rewire itself and form new connections across development and after damage.
- Brains are studied with scans — EEG 脑电图 and fMRI 功能性磁共振成像 — with case studies 个案研究, and with surgical procedures.
- Each method trades detail against how natural the situation is.
可塑性,以及研究大脑的方法
- 大脑可塑性(brain plasticity)是大脑在发育过程中以及受损之后重新布线、形成新连接的能力。
- 研究大脑的方法有扫描——脑电图(EEG)与功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)——个案研究(case studies),以及外科手术。
- 每种方法都在细节与情境自然程度之间作取舍。
A patient loses the ability to form new long-term memories after damage to the hippocampus, but can still learn a new motor skill — the cerebellum is intact. One case separates two kinds of memory that behave as one in everyday life.
一位病人在海马受损后失去了形成新的长时记忆的能力,却仍能学会新的运动技能——因为小脑完好。一个个案就把日常生活中表现为一体的两种记忆区分开了。
The brain stem keeps you alive, the cerebellum coordinates movement, and the cerebral cortex with the limbic system does higher processing and emotion. Split-brain research shows hemispheric specialisation, plasticity shows the brain can rewire, and EEG, fMRI and case studies are how it is all studied.
脑干维持生命,小脑协调运动,而大脑皮层连同边缘系统负责高级加工与情绪。裂脑研究显示半球分工,可塑性显示大脑可以重新布线,而脑电图、功能性磁共振成像与个案研究是研究这一切的方法。