Exponential Functions · 指数函数
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| base/beɪs/ | 底数 | dǐ shù |
| exponential function/ˌekspəˈnenʃl ˈfʌŋkʃn/ | 指数函数 | zhǐ shù hán shù |
| exponential growth/ˌekspəˈnenʃl ɡrəʊθ/ | 指数增长 | zhǐ shù zēng zhǎng |
| exponential decay/ˌekspəˈnenʃl dɪˈkeɪ/ | 指数衰减 | zhǐ shù shuāi jiǎn |
| horizontal asymptote/ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl ˈæsɪmptəʊt/ | 水平渐近线 | shuǐ píng jiàn jìn xiàn |
| initial value/ɪˈnɪʃl ˈvæljuː/ | 初始值 | chū shǐ zhí |
The base decides everything
- Put the variable up in the exponent and a whole new kind of function appears.
- $2^x$ explodes upward; $0.5^x$ melts toward zero.
- One small number — the base — flips growth into decay.
- These exponential functions model populations, money, medicine, and radioactive decay.
底数决定一切
- 把变量放到指数上,一种全新的函数就出现了。
- $2^x$ 向上爆炸;$0.5^x$ 朝零融化。
- 一个小小的数——底数——就能把增长翻转成衰减。
- 这些指数函数用来给人口、金钱、药物和放射性衰变建模。
The shape of an exponential
- An exponential function 指数函数 is $f(x) = a\,b^x$, with base $b > 0$ and $b \neq 1$.
- The variable $x$ is the exponent; the base $b$ is fixed.
- The coefficient $a$ is the output when $x = 0$, since $b^0 = 1$.
- This is completely different from $x^2$, where the variable is the base.
指数函数的样子
- 指数函数(exponential function)是 $f(x) = a\,b^x$,底数 $b > 0$ 且 $b \neq 1$。
- 变量 $x$ 是指数;底数 $b$ 是固定的。
- 系数 $a$ 是 $x = 0$ 时的输出,因为 $b^0 = 1$。
- 这与 $x^2$ 完全不同——那里变量是底数。
An exponential function has the form… · 指数函数的形式是……
The variable sits in the exponent · 指数 over a fixed base $b$ — that is what makes it exponential, not polynomial. · 变量位于固定底数 $b$ 的指数上——这正是它之所以是指数函数而非多项式的原因。
Growth versus decay
- If $b > 1$, each step multiplies by more than one: exponential growth 指数增长.
- If $0 < b < 1$, each step multiplies by less than one: exponential decay 指数衰减.
- The base 底数 alone decides which way the curve goes.
- Growth curves sweep upward; decay curves fall toward the axis.
增长与衰减
- 如果 $b > 1$,每一步都乘以大于一的数:指数增长(exponential growth)。
- 如果 $0 < b < 1$,每一步都乘以小于一的数:指数衰减(exponential decay)。
- 单单底数(base)就决定曲线朝哪个方向走。
- 增长曲线向上飞;衰减曲线朝轴下落。

Cross the base past 1 to switch growth and decay · 让底数越过 1,在增长与衰减之间切换
y = a·bˣ
Keep b above 1 for growth; drop b below 1 for decay. Notice the curve never touches the x-axis — that is its asymptote. · 让 b 大于 1 得到增长;让 b 小于 1 得到衰减。注意曲线从不触碰 x 轴——那就是它的渐近线。
For · 支持 $f(x) = a\,b^x$ with $a > 0$, the function shows decay when… · 对 $f(x) = a\,b^x$($a > 0$),函数表现为衰减当……
A base between $0$ and $1$ shrinks the output each step — exponential decay · 指数衰减. A base above $1$ grows it. · 介于 $0$ 和 $1$ 之间的底数每一步都缩小输出——指数衰减。大于 $1$ 的底数则让它增长。
Domain, range, and asymptote
- The domain is all real numbers — you can raise a base to any power.
- With $a > 0$ the range is $y > 0$: the output is always positive.
- The graph has a horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线 at $y = 0$, which it approaches but never touches.
- On the decay side it flattens toward the axis; on the growth side it soars.
定义域、值域与渐近线
- 定义域是全体实数——你可以把底数升到任何次幂。
- 当 $a > 0$ 时值域是 $y > 0$:输出总是正的。
- 图像在 $y = 0$ 处有一条水平渐近线(horizontal asymptote),它趋近却从不触碰。
- 在衰减一侧它朝轴趋平;在增长一侧它飞升。
The graph of $f(x) = a\,b^x$ has a horizontal ____ at $y = 0$ that it never crosses. · $f(x) = a\,b^x$ 的图像有一条位于 $y = 0$ 的水平____,它从不穿过。
The output gets arbitrarily close to $0$ but never reaches it, giving the horizontal asymptote $y = 0$. · 输出可以任意接近 $0$ 却永远达不到,给出水平渐近线 $y = 0$。
Select all · 所有 true statements about $f(x) = a\,b^x$ (with $a>0,\ b>1$). · 选出关于 $f(x) = a\,b^x$($a>0,\ b>1$)的所有正确说法。
With $a > 0$ the output is always positive, so it never goes negative. The other three are correct. · 当 $a > 0$ 时输出总是正的,所以它从不为负。其余三条正确。
Reading a and b in context
- The coefficient $a$ is the initial value 初始值 — the amount at time zero.
- The base $b$ is the per-step multiplier: $b = 1.08$ means $8\%$ growth each period.
- A base of $0.9$ means losing $10\%$ each period ($b < 1$, decay).
- Reading these two numbers turns the formula into a real-world story.
在情境中读 a 和 b
- 系数 $a$ 是初始值(initial value)——时间为零时的量。
- 底数 $b$ 是每步的乘数:$b = 1.08$ 表示每个周期增长 $8\%$。
- 底数 $0.9$ 表示每个周期损失 $10\%$($b < 1$,衰减)。
- 读懂这两个数,就把公式变成了一个真实世界的故事。
In $P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{\,t}$, what does the $500$ represent? · 在 $P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{\,t}$ 中,$500$ 代表什么?
At $t = 0$, $1.08^0 = 1$, so $P = 500$: the coefficient $a$ is the initial value, and $1.08$ is the base (8% growth). · 在 $t = 0$ 时,$1.08^0 = 1$,所以 $P = 500$:系数 $a$ 是初始值,$1.08$ 是底数(8% 增长)。
Do not confuse $a\,b^x$ (exponential) with $x^b$ (power). In $2^x$ the variable is in the exponent and growth is explosive; in $x^2$ the variable is the base and growth is merely polynomial. The exponent is what makes it exponential.
不要把 $a\,b^x$(指数)与 $x^b$(幂)搞混。在 $2^x$ 中变量在指数上,增长是爆炸式的;在 $x^2$ 中变量是底数,增长只是多项式级的。是指数让它成为指数函数。
A $\$500$ deposit grows by $8\%$ a year: $P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{\,t}$.
- Initial value $a = 500$ (the balance at $t = 0$).
- Base $b = 1.08 > 1$, so this is growth of $8\%$ per year.
- After $10$ years: $P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{10} \approx \$1079$.
一笔 500 元的存款每年增长 8%:$P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{\,t}$。
- 初始值 $a = 500$(在 $t = 0$ 时的余额)。
- 底数 $b = 1.08 > 1$,所以这是每年 $8\%$ 的增长。
- $10$ 年后:$P = 500 \cdot 1.08^{10} \approx \$1079$。
An exponential function $f(x) = a\,b^x$ puts the variable in the exponent. The base $b$ decides growth ($b>1$) or decay ($0); the domain is all reals, the range is $y>0$, and there is a horizontal asymptote at $y=0$. The coefficient $a$ is the initial value.
指数函数 $f(x) = a\,b^x$ 把变量放在指数上。底数 $b$ 决定增长($b>1$)还是衰减($0);定义域是全体实数,值域是 $y>0$,并且在 $y=0$ 处有一条水平渐近线。系数 $a$ 是初始值。