The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure · 玻尔原子结构模型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Bohr model/ˈbəʊə ˈmɒdl/ | 玻尔模型 | bō ěr mó xíng |
| energy level/ˈenədʒi ˈlevl/ | 能级 | néng jí |
Electrons can only stand on certain "steps"
- In an atom, electrons don't orbit at just any distance — only at certain fixed levels.
- Like standing on the rungs of a ladder, they can be on a rung but never between rungs.
- This is the Bohr model 玻尔模型 of the atom, and it explains why atoms give off specific colours.
- Jumping between rungs releases or absorbs light in exact amounts.
电子只能站在某些"台阶"上
- 在原子里,电子不能在任意距离绕行——只能在某些固定的能级上。
- 就像站在梯子的横档上,它们能站在横档上,却绝不能站在横档之间。
- 这就是原子的玻尔模型,它解释了原子为何发出特定的颜色。
- 在横档之间跳跃,会以精确的量释放或吸收光。
Fixed energy levels
- Electrons occupy only certain energy levels 能级 (fixed orbits) around the nucleus.
- Each level has a definite energy; energies in between are not allowed.
- The lowest level (closest in) is the ground state; higher ones are excited states.
- An electron can move up a level by absorbing energy, or drop down by releasing it.
固定的能级
- 电子只占据原子核周围某些能级(固定轨道)。
- 每个能级有确定的能量;之间的能量不被允许。
- 最低的能级(最靠内)是基态;更高的是激发态。
- 电子可以通过吸收能量升一级,或通过释放能量降一级。
Jumps make spectral lines · 跃迁产生谱线
Pick two energy levels and see the spectral line the electron's jump between them produces. · 选择两个能级，观察电子在这两者间跃迁所产生的谱线。
In the Bohr model, an electron can have: · 在玻尔模型中，电子可以具有：
Energy levels are quantised — only certain fixed values are allowed. · 能级是量子化的——只允许某些固定值。
The lowest energy level an electron can occupy is the ____ state. · 电子所能占据的最低能级称为____态。
The lowest level is the ground state; higher ones are excited states. · 最低能级是基态；较高的能级是激发态。
Jumps make photons
- When an electron drops to a lower level, it emits a photon whose energy equals the gap.
- That photon energy is $E = hf$, so the jump fixes the light's frequency (its colour).
- To jump up, an electron must absorb a photon of exactly the right energy.
- Only photons matching a gap can be absorbed or emitted — nothing in between.
跳跃产生光子
- 当电子降到较低能级时,它发出一个能量等于能隙的光子。
- 那个光子能量是 $E = hf$,所以跳跃决定了光的频率(它的颜色)。
- 要向上跳,电子必须吸收一个能量恰好合适的光子。
- 只有匹配某个能隙的光子才能被吸收或发出——之间的一概不行。
When an electron drops to a lower energy level, it: · 当电子跃迁到较低能级时，它会：
Dropping down releases the energy gap as an emitted photon. · 向下跃迁释放能级差，以发射光子的形式放出。
A photon is only absorbed if its energy exactly matches the gap between two levels. · 只有当其能量精确匹配两个能级间的间隙时，光子才会被吸收。
Only photons matching a level gap can be absorbed or emitted. · 只有匹配能级间隙的光子才能被吸收或发射。
A bigger energy gap in a jump produces a photon of: · 跃迁中更大的能级差会产生频率为____的光子。
$E = hf$: a bigger energy gap means a higher-frequency (bluer) photon. · $E = hf$：更大的能级差意味着更高频率（更蓝）的光子。
Every element is different
- Each element has its own unique set of energy levels — its own "ladder".
- So each emits and absorbs its own unique set of frequencies (colours).
- This gives every element a spectral fingerprint (next lesson).
- The Bohr model was the first to explain these sharp, element-specific lines.
每种元素都不同
- 每种元素都有自己独特的一组能级——自己的"梯子"。
- 所以每种都发出和吸收自己独特的一组频率(颜色)。
- 这给每种元素一个光谱指纹(下一节)。
- 玻尔模型是第一个解释这些尖锐的、元素特有谱线的模型。
Select all · 所有 true statements about the Bohr model. · 选择关于玻尔模型的所有正确陈述。
Levels are fixed and element-specific; jumps emit/absorb photons. Energies between levels are forbidden. · 能级是固定且元素特定的；跃迁发射/吸收光子。能级之间的能量是禁止的。
Electron energy levels are quantised — an electron can sit on a level but never between levels. A photon is only absorbed or emitted if its energy exactly matches a gap; a photon that is too big or too small simply passes by.
电子能级是量子化的——电子能站在某个能级上,却绝不能在能级之间。只有当光子的能量恰好匹配某个能隙时,它才被吸收或发出;能量太大或太小的光子只会径直通过。
An electron drops between two levels with an energy gap of $E$. What is the frequency of the emitted photon?
- The photon carries exactly that energy: $E = hf$, so $f = \dfrac{E}{h}$.
- A bigger gap makes a higher-frequency (bluer) photon.
一个电子在能隙为 $E$ 的两个能级之间下降。发出的光子频率是多少?
- 光子携带恰好那个能量:$E = hf$,所以 $f = \dfrac{E}{h}$。
- 更大的能隙产生更高频率(更蓝)的光子。
The Bohr model: electrons occupy fixed energy levels and never sit between them. Dropping to a lower level emits a photon of energy equal to the gap ($E = hf$); jumping up absorbs one. Each element has unique levels, giving it a unique spectral fingerprint.
玻尔模型:电子占据固定的能级,绝不站在它们之间。降到较低能级发出一个能量等于能隙的光子($E = hf$);向上跳吸收一个。每种元素有独特的能级,给它独特的光谱指纹。