Government Intervention in Different Market Structures · 政府干预对不同市场结构的影响
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| per-unit tax/pɜː ˈjuːnɪt tæks/ | 从量税 | cóng liàng shuì |
| regulation/ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 管制 | guǎn zhì |
| marginal-cost pricing/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | 边际成本定价 | biān jì chéng běn dìng jià |
| average-cost pricing/ˈævrɪdʒ kɒst ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | 平均成本定价 | píng jūn chéng běn dìng jià |
| price controls/praɪs kənˈtrəʊlz/ | 价格管制 | jià gé guǎn zhì |
| antitrust policy/ˌæntɪˈtrʌst ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 反垄断政策 | fǎn lǒng duàn zhèng cè |
| government failure/ˈɡʌvənmənt ˈfeɪlɪə/ | 政府失灵 | zhèng fǔ shī líng |
Fixing failures — carefully
- Governments have a whole toolbox for market failures: taxes, rules, and price limits.
- But the right tool depends on the market it acts on.
- The same rule that helps a monopoly could hurt a competitive market.
- And every fix has a cost of its own.
纠正失灵——要小心
- 政府有一整个工具箱来应对市场失灵:税收、规则和价格限制。
- 但正确的工具,取决于它作用的市场。
- 帮到垄断者的同一条规则,可能会伤害竞争市场。
- 而且每一种纠正,本身都有代价。
Regulating a natural monopoly
- A per-unit tax 从量税 or subsidy shifts supply; on a negative externality, a tax can raise efficiency.
- Regulation 管制 of a natural monopoly sets the price it may charge.
- Marginal-cost pricing 边际成本定价 ($P = MC$) gives the efficient quantity but often forces a loss.
- Average-cost pricing 平均成本定价 ($P = ATC$) lets the firm break even, with a little inefficiency.
管制自然垄断
- 从量税(per-unit tax)或补贴移动供给;对负外部性,一道税可以提高效率。
- 对自然垄断的管制(regulation)规定它可收取的价格。
- 边际成本定价(marginal-cost pricing,$P = MC$)给出有效率的数量,但常常导致亏损。
- 平均成本定价(average-cost pricing,$P = ATC$)让企业盈亏平衡,略带一点无效率。
A regulated monopoly's costs · 被管制垄断者的成本
Marginal-cost pricing (P = MC) is efficient but can force a loss when average cost lies above it; average-cost pricing (P = ATC) lets the firm break even. · 边际成本定价(P = MC)有效率,但当平均成本高于它时会导致亏损;平均成本定价(P = ATC)让企业盈亏平衡。
Marginal-cost pricing (P = MC) of a natural monopoly gives the efficient quantity but often: · 对自然垄断实行边际成本定价(P = MC)给出有效率的数量,但常常:
A natural monopoly's average cost sits above marginal cost, so P = MC is below ATC — a loss. · 自然垄断的平均成本高于边际成本,所以 P = MC 低于 ATC——亏损。
Average-cost pricing (P = ATC) of a natural monopoly: · 对自然垄断实行平均成本定价(P = ATC):
P = ATC covers all costs (break-even) but leaves output a little below the efficient level. · P = ATC 覆盖全部成本(盈亏平衡),但产量略低于有效率水平。
Antitrust and price controls
- Antitrust policy 反垄断政策 blocks mergers and practices that build market power, keeping markets competitive.
- Price controls 价格管制 (a ceiling on a monopoly's price) can raise output and welfare — unlike in a competitive market, where they cause shortages.
反垄断与价格管制
- 反垄断政策(antitrust policy)阻止建立市场势力的并购和做法,保持市场竞争。
- 价格管制(price controls,对垄断价格设上限)可以提高产量和福利——这与竞争市场不同,在那里它会造成短缺。
Policy that blocks mergers to keep markets competitive is called ______ policy. · 阻止并购以保持市场竞争的政策,叫做______政策。
Antitrust policy limits the build-up of market power. · 反垄断政策限制市场势力的积累。
A price ceiling on a monopoly can raise output and welfare, unlike in a competitive market. · 对垄断的价格上限可以提高产量和福利,这与竞争市场不同。
A monopoly restricts output, so a well-set ceiling can push it toward the efficient amount. · 垄断限制产量,所以设置得当的上限可以把它推向有效率的数量。
Select all · 所有 tools a government uses to address market failures. · 选出政府用来应对市场失灵的所有工具。
Taxes, regulation and antitrust are all real tools; ignoring it is not a fix. · 税收、管制和反垄断都是真正的工具;忽略它不是纠正。
Government failure
- Intervention is not free. Government failure 政府失灵 happens when the cure is worse than the disease.
- Regulation costs money, information is imperfect, and political pressure can distort choices.
- Good policy weighs the market failure against the cost of fixing it.
政府失灵
- 干预并非免费。当"药"比"病"还糟时,就出现政府失灵(government failure)。
- 管制花钱,信息不完美,政治压力也会扭曲选择。
- 好的政策会权衡市场失灵与纠正它的代价。
Government failure occurs when: · 政府失灵发生在:
When the cure costs more than the disease, intervention makes things worse. · 当药比病更贵时,干预让情况变得更糟。
Governments fix failures with taxes, regulation, antitrust, and price controls — but the effect depends on the market. Regulating a natural monopoly trades marginal-cost pricing (efficient, loss-making) against average-cost pricing (break-even). Beware government failure: the cure can cost more than the disease.
政府用税收、管制、反垄断和价格管制纠正失灵——但效果取决于市场。管制自然垄断要在边际成本定价(有效率、亏损)与平均成本定价(盈亏平衡)之间取舍。当心政府失灵:药可能比病更贵。