Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) · 长期总供给（LRAS）
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| long-run aggregate supply/lɒŋ rʌn ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt səˈplaɪ/ | 长期总供给 | cháng qī zǒng gōng jǐ |
| full-employment output/fʊl emˈplɔɪmənt ˈaʊtpʊt/ | 充分就业产出 | chōng fèn jiù yè chǎn chū |
| frictional/ˈfrɪkʃənl/ | 摩擦性失业 | mó cā xìng shī yè |
| structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ | 结构性失业 | jié gòu xìng shī yè |
| natural rate of unemployment/ˈnætʃərəl reɪt ɒv ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt/ | 自然失业率 | zì rán shī yè lǜ |
| potential GDP/pəˈtenʃl ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː/ | 潜在GDP | qián zài GDP |
| fully flexible/ˈfʊli ˈfleksɪbl/ | 完全灵活 | wán quán líng huó |
| capacity/kəˈpæsɪti/ | 生产能力 | shēng chǎn néng lì |
| capital stock/ˈkæpɪtl stɒk/ | 资本存量 | zī běn cún liàng |
| technology/tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | 技术 | jì shù |
| economic growth/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɡrəʊθ/ | 经济增长 | jīng jì zēng zhǎng |
The economy's real ceiling
- Contracts don't stay fixed forever — given time, every wage and price adjusts.
- In that long run, the sticky-wage story disappears.
- Aggregate supply then looks completely different.
- It becomes the long-run aggregate supply 长期总供给 (LRAS) curve — and it is vertical.
经济真实的天花板
- 合同不会永远固定——只要时间足够,每个工资和价格都会调整。
- 在那个长期里,粘性工资的故事消失了。
- 总供给随之变得完全不同。
- 它变成长期总供给(long-run aggregate supply,LRAS)曲线——而且是竖直的。
Vertical at full-employment output
- LRAS is a vertical line at the economy's full-employment output 充分就业产出.
- This is not zero unemployment — only frictional 摩擦性失业 and structural 结构性失业 remain, at the natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率.
- Its position marks the economy's potential GDP 潜在GDP — the maximum sustainable output.
在充分就业产出处竖直
- LRAS 是一条竖直线,位于经济的充分就业产出(full-employment output)。
- 这不是零失业——只剩下摩擦性失业(frictional)和结构性失业(structural),处于自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment)。
- 它的位置标记经济的潜在GDP(potential GDP)——最大可持续产出。
The AD-AS model · 总需求—总供给模型
LRAS is vertical at potential output, because in the long run wages and prices are flexible. Economic growth shifts it right. · LRAS 在潜在产出处竖直,因为长期工资和价格灵活。经济增长使它右移。
The long-run aggregate supply curve is: · 长期总供给曲线是:
In the long run output depends on real resources, not the price level, so LRAS is vertical. · 长期产出取决于真实资源而非价格水平,所以 LRAS 竖直。
LRAS sits at the economy's maximum sustainable output, called potential . · LRAS 位于经济的最大可持续产出,称为潜在。
Potential GDP is the output at full employment, at the natural rate of unemployment. · 潜在 GDP 是充分就业时的产出,处于自然失业率。
Full-employment output means zero unemployment. · 充分就业产出意味着零失业。
Some frictional and structural unemployment always remain — the natural rate. · 总有一些摩擦性和结构性失业——自然失业率。
Why it's independent of the price level
- In the long run, wages and prices are fully flexible 完全灵活.
- If the price level doubles, wages eventually double too, so firms have no lasting reason to change output.
- Real output settles back to what the economy's real resources can make.
- That does not depend on how high the price tags are — so LRAS is vertical.
为什么它与价格水平无关
- 在长期,工资和价格是完全灵活(fully flexible)的。
- 如果价格水平翻倍,工资最终也翻倍,所以企业没有持久的理由改变产出。
- 实际产出回落到经济的真实资源所能生产的水平。
- 这与价格标签有多高无关——所以 LRAS 是竖直的。
LRAS is independent of the price level because, in the long run: · LRAS 与价格水平无关,因为在长期:
If the price level doubles, wages eventually double too, leaving real output unchanged. · 如果价格水平翻倍,工资最终也翻倍,实际产出保持不变。
Growth shifts LRAS right
- LRAS moves only when real productive capacity 生产能力 changes.
- More or better resources, a bigger capital stock 资本存量, or new technology 技术 all shift LRAS right.
- That rightward shift is long-run economic growth 经济增长.
- Worked idea. A decade of investment in schools and factories raises potential output — LRAS shifts right.
增长使 LRAS 右移
- LRAS 只在真实生产能力(capacity)变化时移动。
- 更多或更好的资源、更大的资本存量(capital stock),或新的技术(technology),都使 LRAS 右移。
- 那次向右的移动就是长期经济增长(economic growth)。
- 例题。 十年对学校和工厂的投资提高潜在产出——LRAS 右移。
A country invests heavily in education and new factories for a decade. LRAS: · 一个国家十年间大力投资教育和新工厂。LRAS:
More capital and a more skilled workforce raise potential output, shifting LRAS right. · 更多资本和更熟练的劳动力提高潜在产出,使 LRAS 右移。
Select all · 所有 that shift LRAS to the right · 精准的. · 选出所有使 LRAS 右移的因素。
Real resources and technology grow potential output; a price-level change does not move LRAS. · 真实资源和技术使潜在产出增长;价格水平变化不移动 LRAS。
LRAS is vertical at full-employment output (potential GDP), because wages and prices are fully flexible in the long run — real output depends on real resources, not the price level. Economic growth shifts LRAS right.
LRAS 在充分就业产出(潜在GDP)处竖直,因为长期里工资和价格完全灵活——实际产出取决于真实资源,而非价格水平。经济增长使 LRAS 右移。