The Tragedy of the Commons · 公地悲剧
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| tragedy of the commons/ˈtrædʒədi ɒvðə ˈkɒmənz/ | 公地悲剧 | gōng dì bēi jù |
| common resource/ˈkɒmən rɪˈzɔːs/ | 公共资源 | gōng gòng zī yuán |
When sharing goes wrong
- Imagine a pasture open to every herder in a village.
- Each one gains by grazing more animals there.
- But if everyone keeps adding animals, the grass is destroyed.
- This self-defeating pattern is the tragedy of the commons.
当共享出错时
- 想象一块对村里每个牧民开放的牧场。
- 每一个都通过在那里多放牲畜获益。
- 但如果每个人都不断加牲畜,草就被毁了。
- 这种自我挫败的模式就是公地悲剧。
The shared resource
- The tragedy of the commons 公地悲剧 is the overuse of a shared resource.
- A common resource 公共资源 is one no single person owns — open to all.
- Each user gains the full benefit of taking a bit more.
- But the cost — a slightly more damaged resource — is shared by everyone.
共享的资源
- 公地悲剧(tragedy of the commons)是一个共享资源的过度使用。
- 一个公共资源(common resource)是没有单个人拥有的——对所有人开放。
- 每个用户得到多拿一点的全部好处。
- 但成本——一个稍微更受损的资源——被每个人分担。
The tragedy of the commons happens when… · 公地悲剧发生在……
The tragedy of the commons: each person, acting in self-interest, overuses a shared resource until it collapses. · 公地悲剧:每个人出于自身利益行事,过度使用一个共享资源,直到它崩溃。
The trap
- Because you keep the benefit but share the cost, taking more always looks worth it.
- So every user reasons the same way and takes more.
- Together, they overuse the resource far past what it can sustain.
- In the end the resource collapses, and everyone loses.
陷阱
- 因为你保留好处但分担成本,多拿总是看起来值得。
- 所以每个用户都同样地推理,拿更多。
- 他们一起过度使用资源,远超它能维持的。
- 最后资源崩溃,每个人都损失。
The tragedy of the commons · 公地悲剧
Step through how a shared resource gets destroyed when each user takes as much as they can. · 一步步走过一个共享资源如何在每个用户尽可能多地索取时被毁掉。
Why does each individual keep taking more? · 为什么每个人都不断索取更多?
Each user keeps the full benefit but shares the cost, so it always seems worth taking a bit more. · 每个用户保留全部好处,但分担成本,所以多拿一点总是看起来值得。
Avoiding the tragedy
- The tragedy can be avoided by setting rules and limits.
- Quotas, fees, or shared ownership can limit how much each person takes.
- Well-managed commons — with agreed rules — can last indefinitely.
- The key is that no one may simply take as much as they want.
避免悲剧
- 悲剧能通过设定规则和限制来避免。
- 配额、费用或共享所有权能限制每个人拿多少。
- 管理良好的公地——有商定的规则——能无限期地持续。
- 关键是没有人可以简单地想拿多少就拿多少。
One way to avoid the tragedy is to ____ how much each person can take (rules or limits). · 避免悲剧的一种方式是____每个人能拿多少(规则或限制)。
Rules, quotas, or shared ownership that limit use can protect a common resource. · 限制使用的规则、配额或共享所有权能保护一个公共资源。
Overfishing the ocean and polluting the air are examples of the tragedy of the commons. · 过度捕捞海洋和污染空气是公地悲剧的例子。
Fisheries, clean air, and fresh water are shared resources vulnerable to this tragedy. · 渔业、干净的空气和淡水是易受这种悲剧影响的共享资源。
Select all · 所有 true statements about the tragedy of the commons. · 选出关于公地悲剧的所有正确说法。
It harms everyone who shares the resource, not just one person. The other three are correct. · 它伤害每个共享资源的人,不只是一个人。其余三条正确。
The tragedy is driven by a mismatch: the benefit is private, but the cost is shared. That is why it is so hard to stop by goodwill alone — even a caring person still gains by taking more, while the damage spreads across everyone. Rules and limits, not just good intentions, are usually needed.
悲剧由一个错配驱动:好处是私人的,但成本是共享的。这就是为什么它这么难仅靠善意来阻止——即使一个有爱心的人,通过多拿仍然获益,而损害散布到每个人。通常需要规则和限制,而不只是好意。
Overfishing the ocean:
- The sea is a shared resource open to all fishing fleets.
- Each fleet gains by catching more, so all of them keep catching more.
- The fish are taken faster than they can breed, and the fishery collapses — a tragedy of the commons on a global scale.
过度捕捞海洋:
- 海是一个对所有渔船队开放的共享资源。
- 每支船队通过多捕获益,所以它们全都不断多捕。
- 鱼被捕的速度快于它们能繁殖,渔业崩溃——一场全球尺度的公地悲剧。
The tragedy of the commons is the overuse of a shared common resource, because each user keeps the benefit of taking more while the cost is shared by all. This drives everyone to overuse it until it collapses. Rules, quotas, and limits — not just goodwill — can prevent the tragedy.
公地悲剧是一个共享公共资源的过度使用,因为每个用户保留多拿的好处,而成本被所有人分担。这驱动每个人过度使用它,直到它崩溃。规则、配额和限制——而不只是善意——能防止悲剧。