Why Allusions Work · 典故为何有效
Shared knowledge is the mechanism
- Because of shared knowledge about a reference, allusions create emotional or intellectual associations and understandings.
- The CED gives the cause first: shared knowledge.
- So an allusion only works on a reader who holds the reference, and that is a claim about audience.
An allusion is a quiet inside joke between writer and reader; without shared knowledge, the doorbell stays silent.
共有的知识就是那个机制
- 由于人们对某个指涉拥有共有的知识,典故得以制造情感或智识上的联想与理解。
- CED 先给出了原因:共有的知识。
- 因此典故只对拥有该指涉的读者奏效,而这是一个关于受众的主张。
典故像作者与读者之间悄悄开的玩笑；缺了共同知识，门铃就响不起来。
The CED says allusions work because of... · CED指出典故有效是因为……
Which makes an allusion also a claim about audience. · 这使得典故也是对读者的一种主张。
Emotional or intellectual
- The CED names two kinds of association, and they behave differently.
- Emotional: the reference brings a feeling the poem has not had to build.
- Intellectual: the reference brings an argument, a story's logic, a set of relations.
情感的,或智识的
- CED 点出了两类联想,而它们的运作方式不同。
- 情感的:这个指涉带来一种诗本身不必去构筑的感受。
- 智识的:这个指涉带来一个论证、一个故事的逻辑、一组关系。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of association the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有类型的联想。
Two kinds, and they behave differently. · 两种类型，且表现不同。
Say which kind, and what came with it
- Naming the reference identifies the allusion; naming what it brought analyses it.
- A myth of a father's warning brings both — the grief of the story and the logic of a rule ignored.
- So an allusion analysis usually has two halves, one for each kind of association.
说出是哪一类,以及随之而来的是什么
- 点出这个指涉是指认了典故;说出它带来了什么才是分析。
- 一个关于父亲告诫的神话两者都带来了——那个故事的悲痛,以及一条被无视之规则的逻辑。
- 因此典故分析通常有两半,各对应一类联想。
Emotional, intellectual, or neither? · 情感上的、智力上的，还是都不是？
Sort each thing an allusion can bring. · 对典故能带来的每件事进行排序。
Naming the reference identifies the allusion; naming what it ____ analyses it. · 命名参照物可以识别典故；命名它____才能分析它。
So an allusion analysis usually has two halves. · 因此，典故分析通常分为两部分。
Naming the reference is identification; naming what it brought is analysis. The CED says allusions create emotional or intellectual associations — so the answer must say which kind arrived and what it consists of, not simply that the poem alludes to something.
点出指涉是指认;说出它带来了什么才是分析。CED 说典故制造情感或智识上的联想——因此答案必须说出到来的是哪一类,以及它由什么构成,而不只是说这首诗用了典。
Because the mechanism is shared knowledge, an allusion can fail for some readers. · 由于机制是共享知识，典故对某些读者可能会失效。
A poem may accept that risk to reach the readers who do hold the reference. · 诗歌可能接受这种风险，以触及那些持有该参照物的读者。
What happens when the knowledge is not shared
- Because the mechanism is shared knowledge, an allusion can fail for a reader without it.
- A poem may accept that risk to reach the readers who do hold it — which is itself a choice about audience.
- So it is legitimate to say who the poem assumes its reader is.
当知识并非共有时会怎样
- 由于其机制是共有的知识,典故对不拥有该知识的读者可能失效。
- 一首诗可能接受这一风险,以触及那些确实拥有它的读者——而这本身就是一个关于受众的选择。
- 因此说出这首诗假定它的读者是谁,是正当的。
Match each half of the analysis to what it delivers. · 将分析的每一部分与其提供的功能匹配。
All three follow from one sentence in the CED. · 以上三点均源自CED中的一句话。
An association pass
- Name the reference and what the poem itself tells you about it.
- Say what emotional association it brings, and what intellectual one.
- Then say what the poem gained by borrowing instead of building.
联想检查
- 说出这个指涉,以及诗本身告诉你的关于它的信息。
- 说出它带来了什么情感联想,又带来了什么智识联想。
- 然后说出这首诗因借用而非构筑,获得了什么。
A poem names a father who warned his son not to fly too high. Emotional: the grief of a warning ignored arrives whole, with no lines spent on it. Intellectual: the logic that ambition and obedience cannot both be satisfied. Two associations, one reference, and the poem paid four words for both.
一首诗提到一位告诫儿子不要飞得太高的父亲。情感的:一句被无视之告诫的悲痛整个到来,而诗为此没有花一行。智识的:雄心与顺从无法同时得到满足的这一逻辑。两种联想,一个指涉,而这首诗为两者只付了几个字。
Because of shared knowledge about a reference, allusions create emotional or intellectual associations and understandings. Name which kind arrived and what it consists of. Since the mechanism is shared knowledge, an allusion is also a choice about audience.
由于人们对某个指涉拥有共有的知识,典故得以制造情感或智识上的联想与理解。要说出到来的是哪一类,以及它由什么构成。由于其机制是共有的知识,典故也是一个关于受众的选择。